Systems and methods for identifying similar hosts

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for identifying potentially compromised devices using attributes of a known compromised device may be provided. In one embodiment, an attribute set can be constructed for the compromised hosts using data from these logs. Weights can be assigned to each attribute in the attribute set initially, and further weights can be learned using audits by a user. This attribute set can be used in the disclosed systems and methods for identifying hosts that are similar to compromised hosts. The similar items can be used as hosts for deception mechanisms, can be taken off the network as being likely compromised or likely to become compromised, or quarantined.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/334,652, filed on May 11, 2016, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure is related to systems and methods for identifying potentially compromised hosts that are similar to a known compromised host in a network. More particularly, embodiments of the present disclosure include systems and methods that evaluate weighted attributes of the compromised host to identify the potentially compromised hosts.

BACKGROUND

Hackers can attack a network using multiple machines. Deception mechanisms can be implemented to identify a compromised server or network computer that was involved during the network attack. However, existing deception mechanisms are limited and burdensome to processing resources. For example, servers or network computers used in conjunction with a known compromised server or network computer may go undetected, leaving a network unsecure. Further, the severity of the threat posed by a detected compromised server or network computer is largely unknown.

SUMMARY

Provided are methods, including computer-implemented methods or methods implemented by a network device, devices including network devices, and computer-program products for using attributes associated with a known compromised host in a network to determine similar hosts. In particular, embodiments of the present disclosure provide systems, methods, and computer-readable products for identifying similar hosts.

In some embodiments, a method includes determining a query item. The query item is associated with a compromised host of a plurality of hosts. Examples of a host can include a domain controller, an active directory, a database, a server, an end user, a network-connected device or machine, and other suitable devices. The method further includes selecting an attribute associated with the query item, assigning an attribute weight to the attribute, identifying a query attribute value associated with the attribute and the query item, weighting the query attribute value using the attribute weight, and determining a first distance between the weighted query attribute value and a random value. The method further includes identifying a candidate item. The candidate item includes a host of the plurality of hosts. The method further includes identifying a candidate attribute value associated with the attribute and the candidate item, weighting the candidate attribute value using the attribute weight, determining a second distance between the candidate attribute value and the random value, determining a third distance between the first distance and the second distance, and characterizing the candidate item as a similar item to the query item when the third distance is within a threshold.

In some embodiments, a method includes identifying compromised hosts from a plurality of hosts, and determining a cluster for the compromised hosts. The cluster includes a cluster centroid, and includes compromised hosts that are similar. The method further includes computing a cluster quality parameter for the cluster. The cluster quality parameter is based on a scatter of the cluster. The method further includes weighting the cluster centroid with the cluster quality parameter to form a population centroid of the compromised hosts. The method further includes determining whether a host of the plurality of hosts is similar to the population centroid, and characterizing the host of the plurality of hosts as a similar item based on the determination.

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the disclosure. However, it will be apparent that various embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. The figures and description are not intended to be restrictive.

The ensuing description provides exemplary embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the exemplary embodiments will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing an exemplary embodiment. It should be understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as set forth in the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Illustrative embodiments are described in detail below with reference to the following figures:

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a network threat detection and analysis system, in which various implementations of a deception-based security system can be used;

FIGS. 2A-2D provide examples of different installation configurations that can be used for different customer networks;

FIG. 3A-3B illustrate examples of customer networks where some of the customer networks' network infrastructure is “in the cloud,” that is, is provided by a cloud services provider;

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of an enterprise network;

FIG. 5 illustrates a general example of an Internet-of-Things network;

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of an Internet-of-Things network, here implemented in a private home;

FIG. 7 illustrates of an Internet-of-Things network, here implemented in a small business;

FIG. 8 illustrates an example of the basic operation of an industrial control system;

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a SCADA system, here used for distributed monitoring and control;

FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a distributed control;

FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a PLC implemented in a manufacturing control process;

FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a network that may be installed at a physical site, on which described embodiments of the disclosure may be implemented;

FIG. 13 illustrates an example of a system for identifying similar hosts including a plurality of hosts on a network, a plurality of logging agents, and a similarity engine;

FIG. 14 illustrates an example of a host in a system for identifying similar hosts;

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a similarity engine in a system for identifying similar hosts;

FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a process for identifying similar hosts in a network;

FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a process for determining a population centroid;

FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a process for constructing attribute vectors;

FIG. 19 illustrates an example of a query item with attributes being compared to candidate items with attributes;

FIG. 20 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a process for comparing a query item to candidate items to determine similar items;

FIG. 21 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a process for updating attribute weights using feedback on similar items; and

FIG. 22 is an example of a cloud network, on which described embodiments of the disclosure may be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Network deception mechanisms, often referred to as “honeypots,” “honey tokens,” and “honey nets,” among others, defend a network from threats by distracting or diverting the threat. Honeypot-type deception mechanisms can be installed in a network for a particular site, such as a business office, to act as decoys in the site's network. Honeypot-type deception mechanisms are typically configured to be indistinguishable from active, production systems in the network. Additionally, such deception mechanisms are typically configured to be attractive to a network threat by having seemingly valuable data and/or by appearing vulnerable to infiltration. Though these deception mechanisms can be indistinguishable from legitimate parts of the site network, deception mechanisms are not part of the normal operation of the network, and would not be accessed during normal, legitimate use of the site network. Because normal users of the site network would not normally use or access a deception mechanism, any use or access to the deception mechanism is suspected to be a threat to the network.

“Normal” operation of a network generally includes network activity that conforms with the intended purpose of a network. For example, normal or legitimate network activity can include the operation of a business, medical facility, government office, education institution, or the ordinary network activity of a private home. Normal network activity can also include the non-business-related, casual activity of users of a network, such as accessing personal email and visiting websites on personal time, or using network resources for personal use. Normal activity can also include the operations of network security devices, such as firewalls, anti-virus tools, intrusion detection systems, intrusion protection systems, email filters, adware blockers, and so on. Normal operations, however, exclude deceptions mechanisms, in that deception mechanisms are not intended to take part in business operations or casual use. As such, network users and network systems do not normally access deceptions mechanisms except perhaps for the most routine network administrative tasks. Access to a deception mechanism, other than entirely routine network administration, may thus indicate a threat to the network.

Threats to a network can include active attacks, where an attacker interacts or engages with systems in the network to steal information or do harm to the network. An attacker may be a person, or may be an automated system. Examples of active attacks include denial of service (DoS) attacks, distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, spoofing attacks, “man-in-the-middle” attacks, attacks involving malformed network requests (e.g. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) poisoning, “ping of death,” etc.), buffer, heap, or stack overflow attacks, and format string attacks, among others. Threats to a network can also include self-driven, self-replicating, and/or self-triggering malicious software. Malicious software can appear innocuous until activated, upon which the malicious software may attempt to steal information from a network and/or do harm to the network. Malicious software is typically designed to spread itself to other systems in a network. Examples of malicious software include ransomware, viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, keyloggers, rootkits, and rogue security software, among others.

An attack on a network may involve multiple compromised devices. However, existing deception mechanisms may not detect all of the devices involved in the attack. For example, a honeypot may only detect a portion of all compromised devices involved in a network attack. Accordingly, networks may remain unsecure even if a compromised device is detected. Further, if a group of compromised devices is detected in the attack, the severity of the threat posed by each of the detected compromised devices is often difficult to determine.

According to embodiments of the present disclosure, attributes of a known compromised device can be evaluated to identify candidate items (e.g., other hosts or devices on a network) that share similar attributes to the compromised device. Further, attributes can be weighted to determine a threat severity of a candidate item. User feedback can also be provided to update the weight or threat level associated with attributes. As an advantage, potentially compromised devices, which may have gone undetected by honeypots in a network, can be identified using attributes of a known compromised device. Further, the severity of the threat posed by the potentially compromised devices can be assessed by weighting the attributes.

I. Deception-Based Security Systems

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a network threat detection and analysis system 100, in which various implementations of a deception-based security system can be used. The network threat detection and analysis system 100, or, more briefly, network security system 100, provides security for a site network 104 using deceptive security mechanisms, a variety of which may be called “honeypots.” The deceptive security mechanisms may be controlled by and inserted into the site network 104 using a deception center 108 and sensors 110, which may also be referred to as deception sensors, installed in the site network 104. In some implementations, the deception center 108 and the sensors 110 interact with a security services provider 106 located outside of the site network 104. The deception center 108 may also obtain or exchange data with sources located on the Internet 150.

Security mechanisms designed to deceive, sometimes referred to as “honeypots,” may also be used as traps to divert and/or deflect unauthorized use of a network away from the real network assets. A deception-based security mechanism may be a computer attached to the network, a process running on one or more network systems, and/or some other device connected to the network. A security mechanism may be configured to offer services, real or emulated, to serve as bait for an attack on the network. Deception-based security mechanisms that take the form of data, which may be called “honey tokens,” may be mixed in with real data in devices in the network. Alternatively or additionally, emulated data may also be provided by emulated systems or services.

Deceptive security mechanisms can also be used to detect an attack on the network. Deceptive security mechanisms are generally configured to appear as if they are legitimate parts of a network. These security mechanisms, however, are not, in fact, part of the normal operation of the network. Consequently, normal activity on the network is not likely to access the security mechanisms. Thus any access over the network to the security mechanism is automatically suspect.

The network security system 100 may deploy deceptive security mechanisms in a targeted and dynamic fashion. Using the deception center 108 the system 100 can scan the site network 104 and determine the topology of the site network 104. The deception center 108 may then determine devices to emulate with security mechanisms, including the type and behavior of the device. The security mechanisms may be selected and configured specifically to attract the attention of network attackers. The security mechanisms may also be selected and deployed based on suspicious activity in the network. Security mechanisms may be deployed, removed, modified, or replaced in response to activity in the network, to divert and isolate network activity related to an apparent attack, and to confirm that the network activity is, in fact, part of a real attack.

The site network 104 is a network that may be installed among the buildings of a large business, in the office of a small business, at a school campus, at a hospital, at a government facility, or in a private home. The site network 104 may be described as a local area network (LAN) or a group of LANS. The site network 104 may be one site belonging to an organization that has multiple site networks 104 in one or many geographical locations. In some implementations, the deception center 108 may provide network security to one site network 104, or to multiple site networks 104 belonging to the same entity.

The site network 104 is where the networking devices and users of the an organizations network may be found. The site network 104 may include network infrastructure devices, such as routers, switches hubs, repeaters, wireless base stations, and/or network controllers, among others. The site network 104 may also include computing systems, such as servers, desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, personal digital assistants, and smart phones, among others. The site network 104 may also include other analog and digital electronics that have network interfaces, such as televisions, entertainment systems, thermostats, refrigerators, and so on.

The deception center 108 provides network security for the site network 104 (or multiple site networks for the same organization) by deploying security mechanisms into the site network 104, monitoring the site network 104 through the security mechanisms, detecting and redirecting apparent threats, and analyzing network activity resulting from the apparent threat. To provide security for the site network 104, in various implementations the deception center 108 may communicate with sensors 110 installed in the site network 104, using network tunnels 120. As described further below, the tunnels 120 may allow the deception center 108 to be located in a different sub-network (“subnet”) than the site network 104, on a different network, or remote from the site network 104, with intermediate networks (possibly including the Internet 150) between the deception center 108 and the site network 104.

In some implementations, the network security system 100 includes a security services provider 106. In these implementations, the security services provider 106 may act as a central hub for providing security to multiple site networks, possibly including site networks controlled by different organizations. For example, the security services provider 106 may communicate with multiple deception centers 108 that each provide security for a different site network 104 for the same organization. In some implementations, the security services provider 106 is located outside the site network 104. In some implementations, the security services provider 106 is controlled by a different entity than the entity that controls the site network. For example, the security services provider 106 may be an outside vendor. In some implementations, the security services provider 106 is controlled by the same entity as that controls the site network 104.

In some implementations, when the network security system 100 includes a security services provider 106, the sensors 110 and the deception center 108 may communicate with the security services provider 106 in order to be connected to each other. For example, the sensors 110, which may also be referred to as deception sensors, may, upon powering on in the site network 104, send information over a network connection 112 to the security services provider 106, identifying themselves and the site network 104 in which they are located. The security services provider 106 may further identify a corresponding deception center 108 for the site network 104. The security services provider 106 may then provide the network location of the deception center 108 to the sensors 110, and may provide the deception center 108 with the network location of the sensors 110. A network location may take the form of, for example, an Internet Protocol (IP) address. With this information, the deception center 108 and the sensors 110 may be able to configure tunnels 120 to communicate with each other.

In some implementations, the network security system 100 does not include a security services provider 106. In these implementations, the sensors 110 and the deception center 108 may be configured to locate each other by, for example, sending packets that each can recognize as coming for the other. Using these packets, the sensors 110 and deception center 108 may be able to learn their respective locations on the network. Alternatively or additionally, a network administrator can configure the sensors 110 with the network location of the deception center 108, and vice versa.

In various implementations, the sensors 110 are a minimal combination of hardware and/or software, sufficient to form a network connection with the site network 104 and a tunnel 120 with the deception center 108. For example, a sensor 110 may be constructed using a low-power processor, a network interface, and a simple operating system. In various implementations, the sensors 110 provide the deception center 108 with visibility into the site network 104, such as for example being able to operate as a node in the site network 104, and/or being able to present or project deceptive security mechanisms into the site network 104, as described further below. Additionally, in various implementations, the sensors 110 may provide a portal through which a suspected attack on the site network 104 can be redirected to the deception center 108, as is also described below.

In various implementations, the deception center 108 may be configured to profile the site network 104, deploy deceptive security mechanisms for the site network 104, detect suspected threats to the site network 104, analyze the suspected threat, and analyze the site network 104 for exposure and/or vulnerability to the supposed threat.

To provide the site network 104, the deception center 108 may include a deception profiler 130. In various implementations, the deception profiler may 130 derive information 114 from the site network 104, and determine, for example, the topology of the site network 104, the network devices included in the site network 104, the software and/or hardware configuration of each network device, and/or how the network is used at any given time. Using this information, the deception profiler 130 may determine one or more deceptive security mechanisms to deploy into the site network 104.

In various implementations, the deception profiler may configure an emulated network 116 to emulate one or more computing systems. Using the tunnels 120 and sensors 110, the emulated computing systems may be projected into the site network 104, where they serve as deceptions. The emulated computing systems may include address deceptions, low-interaction deceptions, and/or high-interaction deceptions. In some implementations, the emulated computing systems may be configured to resemble a portion of the network. In these implementations, this network portion may then be projected into the site network 104.

In various implementations, a network threat detection engine 140 may monitor activity in the emulated network 116, and look for attacks on the site network 104. For example, the network threat detection engine 140 may look for unexpected access to the emulated computing systems in the emulated network 116. The network threat detection engine 140 may also use information 114 extracted from the site network 104 to adjust the emulated network 116, in order to make the deceptions more attractive to an attack, and/or in response to network activity that appears to be an attack. Should the network threat detection engine 140 determine that an attack may be taking place, the network threat detection engine 140 may cause network activity related to the attack to be redirected to and contained within the emulated network 116.

In various implementations, the emulated network 116 is a self-contained, isolated, and closely monitored network, in which suspect network activity may be allowed to freely interact with emulated computing systems. In various implementations, questionable emails, files, and/or links may be released into the emulated network 116 to confirm that they are malicious, and/or to see what effect they have. Outside actors can also be allowed to access emulated system, steal data and user credentials, download malware, and conduct any other malicious activity. In this way, the emulated network 116 not only isolated a suspected attack from the site network 104, but can also be used to capture information about an attack. Any activity caused by suspect network activity may be captured in, for example, a history of sent and received network packets, log files, and memory snapshots.

In various implementations, activity captured in the emulated network 116 may be analyzed using a targeted threat analysis engine 160. The threat analysis engine 160 may examine data collected in the emulated network 116 and reconstruct the course of an attack. For example, the threat analysis engine 160 may correlate various events seen during the course of an apparent attack, including both malicious and innocuous events, and determine how an attacker infiltrated and caused harm in the emulated network 116. In some cases, the threat analysis engine 160 may use threat intelligence 152 from the Internet 150 to identify and/or analyze an attack contained in the emulated network 116. The threat analysis engine 160 may also confirm that suspect network activity was not an attack. The threat analysis engine 160 may produce indicators that describe the suspect network activity, including indicating whether the suspect activity was or was not an actual threat. The threat analysis engine 160 may share these indicators with the security community 180, so that other networks can be defended from the attack. The threat analysis engine 160 may also send the indicators to the security services provider 106, so that the security services provider 106 can use the indicators to defend other site networks.

In various implementations, the threat analysis engine 160 may also send threat indicators, or similar data, to a behavioral analytics engine 170. The behavioral analytics engine 170 may be configured to use the indicators to probe 118 the site network 104, and see whether the site network 104 has been exposed to the attack, or is vulnerable to the attack. For example, the behavioral analytics engine 170 may search the site network 104 for computing systems that resemble emulated computing systems in the emulated network 116 that were affected by the attack. In some implementations, the behavioral analytics engine 170 can also repair systems affected by the attack, or identify these systems to a network administrator. In some implementations, the behavioral analytics engine 170 can also reconfigure the site network's 104 security infrastructure to defend against the attack.

In some implementations, the behavioral analytics engine 170 includes two engines that may be used to analyze a site network for an attack or suspected attack: an adversary trajectory engine 190 and a similarity engine 185.

The adversary trajectory engine 190 may analyze the various ways in which an attack may have occurred in a site network. Using this information, and possibly also other indicators (e.g., attributes as described in FIGS. 12-22 below), the adversary trajectory engine 190 may trace the possible path of a specific incident in the site network. This path may point to network devices in the site network that could have been affected by the incident. These network devices can be checked to determine whether they have, in fact, been affected.

The similarity engine 185 may use the indicators to identify similar hosts. For example, given emulated network devices in the network, the similarity engine 185 may determine query items from, for example, the indicators, and use the query items to identify similar network devices (e.g., candidate items) in the site network. In some examples, similarity engine 185 can evaluate attributes of a known compromised device against attributes of other devices in the network. When the attributes of devices in the network are similar to attributes of the known compromised device, similarity engine 185 can identify these devices as candidate items (e.g., potentially compromised devices). Further, similarity engine 185 can determine weights for attributes to assess a severity of the threat posed by each of the candidate items and the known compromised device. Alternatively or additionally, the similarity engine 185 may receive query items generated from network devices in the site network, and may use those query items to find similar network devices in the site network. The similarity engine 185 is described in further detail below with respect to FIGS. 12-22.

The adversary trajectory engine 190 and the similarity engine 185 are each described in further detail below.

Using the adversary trajectory engine 190 and/or the similarity engine 185, the behavioral analytics engine 170 may produce a network analysis. The network analysis may indicate, for example, whether the site network has been exposed to a particular attack, which (if any) network devices may have been affected by the attack, how the network devices were affected by the attack, and/or how the site network's security can be improved. The network analysis can be used to scrub the effects of an attack from the site network, and/or to increase the security of the site network.

The behavioral analytics engine 170 can work in conjunction with a Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) 172 system. In various implementations, SIEM includes software and/or services that can provide real-time analysis of security alerts generates by network hardware and applications. In various implementations, the deception center 108 can communicate with the SIEM 172 system to obtain information about computing and/or networking systems in the site network 104.

Using deceptive security mechanisms, the network security system 100 may thus be able to distract and divert attacks on the site network 104. The network security system 100 may also be able to allow, using the emulated network 116, and attack to proceed, so that as much can be learned about the attack as possible. Information about the attack can then be used to find vulnerabilities in the site network 104. Information about the attack can also be provided to the security community 180, so that the attack can be thwarted elsewhere.

II. Customer Installations

The network security system, such as the deception-based system described above, may be flexibly implemented to accommodate different customer networks. FIGS. 2A-2D provide examples of different installation configurations 200 a-200 d that can be used for different customer networks 202. A customer network 202 may generally be described as a network or group of networks that is controlled by a common entity, such as a business, a school, or a person. The customer network 202 may include one or more site networks 204. The customer network's 202 site networks 204 may be located in one geographic location, may be behind a common firewall, and/or may be multiple subnets within one network. Alternatively or additionally, a customer network's 202 site networks 204 may be located in different geographic locations, and be connected to each other over various private and public networks, including the Internet 250.

Different customer networks 202 may have different requirements regarding network security. For example, some customer networks 202 may have relatively open connections to outside networks such as the Internet 250, while other customer networks 202 have very restricted access to outside networks. The network security system described in FIG. 1 may be configurable to accommodate these variations.

FIG. 2A illustrates one example of an installation configuration 200 a, where a deception center 208 is located within the customer network 202. In this example, being located within the customer network 202 means that the deception center 208 is connected to the customer network 202, and is able to function as a node in the customer network 202. In this example, the deception center 208 may be located in the same building or within the same campus as the site network 204. Alternatively or additionally, the deception center 208 may be located within the customer network 202 but at a different geographic location than the site network 204. The deception center 208 thus may be within the same subnet as the site network 204, or may be connected to a different subnet within the customer network.

In various implementations, the deception center 208 communicates with sensors 210, which may also be referred to as deception sensors, installed in the site network over network tunnels 220 In this example, the network tunnels 220 may cross one or more intermediate within the customer network 202.

In this example, the deception center 208 is able to communicate with a security services provider 206 that is located outside the customer network 202, such as on the Internet 250. The security services provider 206 may provide configuration and other information for the deception center 208. In some cases, the security services provider 206 may also assist in coordinating the security for the customer network 202 when the customer network 202 includes multiple site networks 204 located in various geographic areas.

FIG. 2B illustrates another example of an installation configuration 200 b, where the deception center 208 is located outside the customer network 202. In this example, the deception center 208 may connected to the customer network 202 over the Internet 250. In some implementations, the deception center 208 may be co-located with a security services provider, and/or may be provided by the security services provider.

In this example, the tunnels 220 connect the deception center 208 to the sensors 210 through a gateway 262. A gateway is a point in a network that connects the network to another network. For example, in this example, the gateway 262 connects the customer network 202 to outside networks, such as the Internet 250. The gateway 262 may provide a firewall, which may provide some security for the customer network 202. The tunnels 220 may be able to pass through the firewall using a secure protocol, such as Secure Socket Shell (SSH) and similar protocols. Secure protocols typically require credentials, which may be provided by the operator of the customer network 202.

FIG. 2C illustrates another example of an installation configuration 200 c, where the deception center 208 is located inside the customer network 202 but does not have access to outside networks. In some implementations, the customer network 202 may require a high level of network security. In these implementations, the customer network's 202 connections to the other networks may be very restricted. Thus, in this example, the deception center 208 is located within the customer network 202, and does not need to communicate with outside networks. The deception center 208 may use the customer networks 202 internal network to coordinate with and establish tunnels 220 to the sensors 210. Alternatively or additionally, a network administrator may configure the deception center 208 and sensors 210 to enable them to establish the tunnels 220.

FIG. 2D illustrates another example of an installation configuration 200 d. In this example, the deception center 208 is located inside the customer network 202, and further is directly connected to the site network 204. Directly connected, in this example, can mean that the deception center 208 is connected to a router, hub, switch, repeater, or other network infrastructure device that is part of the site network 204. Directly connected can alternatively or additionally mean that the deception center 208 is connected to the site network 204 using a Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN). For example, the deception center 208 can be connected to VLAN trunk port. In these examples, the deception center 208 can project deceptions into the site network 204 with or without the use of sensors, such as are illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2C.

In the example of FIG. 2D, the deception center 208 can also optionally be connected to an outside security services provider 206. The security services provider 206 can manage the deception center 208, including providing updated security data, sending firmware upgrades, and/or coordinating different deception centers 208 for different site networks 204 belonging to the same customer network 202. In some implementations, the deception center 208 can operate without the assistances of an outside security services provider 206.

III. Customer Networks

The network security system, such as the deception-based system discussed above, can be used for variety of customer networks. As noted above, customer networks can come in wide variety of configurations. For example, a customer network may have some of its network infrastructure “in the cloud.” A customer network can also include a wide variety of devices, including what may be considered “traditional” network equipment, such as servers and routers, and non-traditional, “Internet-of-Things” devices, such as kitchen appliances. Other examples of customer networks include established industrial networks, or a mix of industrial networks and computer networks.

FIG. 3A-3B illustrate examples of customer networks 302 a-302 b where some of the customer networks' 302 a-302 b network infrastructure is “in the cloud,” that is, is provided by a cloud services provider 354. These example customer networks 302 a-302 b may be defended by a network security system that includes a deception center 308 and sensors 310, which may also be referred to as deception sensors, and may also include an off-site security services provider 306.

A cloud services provider is a company that offers some component of cloud computer—such as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Software as a Service (SaaS) or Platform as Service (PaaS)—to other businesses and individuals. A cloud services provider may have a configurable pool of computing resources, including, for example, networks, servers, storage, applications, and services. These computing resources can be available on demand, and can be rapidly provisioned. While a cloud services provider's resources may be shared between the cloud service provider's customers, from the perspective of each customer, the individual customer may appear to have a private network within the cloud, including for example having dedicated subnets and IP addresses.

In the examples illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3B, the customer networks' 302 a-302 b network is partially in a site network 304, and partially provided by the cloud services provider 354. In some cases, the site network 304 is the part of the customer networks 302 a-302 b that is located at a physical site owned or controlled by the customer network 302 a-302 b. For example, the site network 304 may be a network located in the customer network's 302 a-302 b office or campus. Alternatively or additionally, the site network 304 may include network equipment owned and/or operated by the customer network 302 that may be located anywhere. For example, the customer networks' 302 a-302 b operations may consist of a few laptops owned by the customer networks 302 a-302 b, which are used from the private homes of the lap tops' users, from a co-working space, from a coffee shop, or from some other mobile location.

In various implementations, sensors 310 may be installed in the site network 304. The sensors 310 can be used by the network security system to project deceptions into the site network 304, monitor the site network 304 for attacks, and/or to divert suspect attacks into the deception center 308.

In some implementations, the sensors 310 may also be able to project deceptions into the part of the customer networks 302 a-302 b network that is provided by the cloud services provider 354. In most cases, it may not be possible to install sensors 310 inside the network of the cloud services provider 354, but in some implementations, this may not be necessary. For example, as discussed further below, the deception center 308 can acquire the subnet address of the network provided by the cloud services provider 354, and use that subnet address the create deceptions. Though these deceptions are projected form the sensors 310 installed in the site network 304, the deceptions may appear to be within the subnet provided by the cloud services provider 354.

In illustrated examples, the deception center 308 is installed inside the customer networks 302 a-302 b. Though not illustrated here, the deception center 308 can also be installed outside the customer networks 302 a-302 b, such as for example somewhere on the Internet 350. In some implementations, the deception center 308 may reside at the same location as the security service provider 306. When located outside the customer networks 302 a-302 b, the deception center 308 may connect to the sensors 310 in the site network 304 over various public and/or private networks.

FIG. 3A illustrates an example of a configuration 300 a where the customer network's 302 a network infrastructure is located in the cloud and the customer network 302 a also has a substantial site network 304. In this example, the customer may have an office where the site network 304 is located, and where the customer's employees access and use the customer network 302 a. For example, developers, sales and marketing personnel, human resources and finance employees, may access the customer network 302 a from the site network 304. In the illustrated example, the customer may obtain applications and services from the cloud services provider 354. Alternatively or additionally, the cloud services provider 354 may provide data center services for the customer. For example, the cloud services provider 354 may host the customer's repository of data (e.g., music provided by a streaming music service, or video provided by a streaming video provider). In this example, the customer's own customers may be provided data directly from the cloud services provider 354, rather than from the customer network 302 a.

FIG. 3B illustrates and example of a configuration 300 b where the customer network's 302 b network is primarily or sometimes entirely in the cloud. In this example, the customer network's 302 b site network 304 may include a few laptops, or one or two desktop servers. These computing devices may be used by the customer's employees to conduct the customer's business, while the cloud services provider 354 provides the majority of the network infrastructure needed by the customer. For example, a very small company may have no office space and no dedicated location, and have as computing resources only the laptops used by its employees. This small company may use the cloud services provider 354 to provide its fixed network infrastructure. The small company may access this network infrastructure by connecting a laptop to any available network connection (e.g., in a co-working space, library, or coffee shop). When no laptops are connected to the cloud services provider 354, the customer network 302 may be existing entirely within the cloud.

In the example provided above, the site network 304 can be found wherever the customer's employees connect to a network and can access the cloud services provider 354. Similarly, the sensors 310 can be co-located with the employees' laptops. For example, whenever an employee connects to a network, she can enable a sensor 310, which can then project deceptions into the network around her. Alternatively or additionally, sensors 310 can be installed in a fixed location (such as the home of an employee of the customer) from which they can access the cloud services provider 354 and project deceptions into the network provided by the cloud services provider 354.

The network security system, such as the deception-based system discussed above, can provide network security for a variety of customer networks, which may include a diverse array of devices. FIG. 4 illustrates an example of an enterprise network 400, which is one such network that can be defended by a network security system. The example enterprise network 400 illustrates examples of various network devices and network clients that may be included in an enterprise network. The enterprise network 400 may include more or fewer network devices and/or network clients, and/or may include network devices, additional networks including remote sites 452, and/or systems not illustrated here. Enterprise networks may include networks installed at a large site, such as a corporate office, a university campus, a hospital, a government office, or a similar entity. An enterprise network may include multiple physical sites. Access to an enterprise networks is typically restricted, and may require authorized users to enter a password or otherwise authenticate before using the network. A network such as illustrated by the example enterprise network 400 may also be found at small sites, such as in a small business.

The enterprise network 400 may be connected to an external network 450. The external network 450 may be a public network, such as the Internet. A public network is a network that has been made accessible to any device that can connect to it. A public network may have unrestricted access, meaning that, for example, no password or other authentication is required to connect to it. The external network 450 may include third-party telecommunication lines, such as phone lines, broadcast coaxial cable, fiber optic cables, satellite communications, cellular communications, and the like. The external network 450 may include any number of intermediate network devices, such as switches, routers, gateways, servers, and/or controllers that are not directly part of the enterprise network 400 but that facilitate communication between the network 400 and other network-connected entities, such as a remote site 452.

Remote sites 452 are networks and/or individual computers that are generally located outside the enterprise network 400, and which may be connected to the enterprise network 400 through intermediate networks, but that function as if within the enterprise network 400 and connected directly to it. For example, an employee may connect to the enterprise network 400 while at home, using various secure protocols, and/or by connecting to a Virtual Private Network (VPN) provided by the enterprise network 400. While the employee's computer is connected, the employee's home is a remote site 452. Alternatively or additionally, the enterprise network's 400 owner may have a satellite office with a small internal network. This satellite office's network may have a fixed connection to the enterprise network 400 over various intermediate networks. This satellite office can also be considered a remote site.

The enterprise network 400 may be connected to the external network 450 using a gateway device 404. The gateway device 404 may include a firewall or similar system for preventing unauthorized access while allowing authorized access to the enterprise network 400. Examples of gateway devices include routers, modems (e.g. cable, fiber optic, dial-up, etc.), and the like.

The gateway device 404 may be connected to a switch 406 a. The switch 406 a provides connectivity between various devices in the enterprise network 400. In this example, the switch 406 a connects together the gateway device 404, various servers 408, 412, 414, 416, 418, an another switch 406 b. A switch typically has multiple ports, and functions to direct packets received on one port to another port. In some implementations, the gateway device 404 and the switch 406 a may be combined into a single device.

Various servers may be connected to the switch 406 a. For example, a print server 408 may be connected to the switch 406 a. The print server 408 may provide network access to a number of printers 410. Client devices connected to the enterprise network 400 may be able to access one of the printers 410 through the printer server 408.

Other examples of servers connected to the switch 406 a include a file server 412, database server 414, and email server 416. The file server 412 may provide storage for and access to data. This data may be accessible to client devices connected to the enterprise network 400. The database server 414 may store one or more databases, and provide services for accessing the databases. The email server 416 may host an email program or service, and may also store email for users on the enterprise network 400.

As yet another example, a server rack 418 may be connected to the switch 406. The server rack 418 may house one or more rack-mounted servers. The server rack 418 may have one connection to the switch 406 a, or may have multiple connections to the switch 406 a. The servers in the server rack 418 may have various purposes, including providing computing resources, file storage, database storage and access, and email, among others.

An additional switch 406 b may also be connected to the first switch 406 a. The additional switch 406 b may be provided to expand the capacity of the network. A switch typically has a limited number of ports (e.g., 8, 16, 32, 64 or more ports). In most cases, however, a switch can direct traffic to and from another switch, so that by connecting the additional switch 406 b to the first switch 406 a, the number of available ports can be expanded.

In this example, a server 420 is connected to the additional switch 406 b. The server 420 may manage network access for a number of network devices or client devices. For example, the server 420 may provide network authentication, arbitration, prioritization, load balancing, and other management services as needed to manage multiple network devices accessing the enterprise network 400. The server 420 may be connected to a hub 422. The hub 422 may include multiple ports, each of which may provide a wired connection for a network or client device. A hub is typically a simpler device than a switch, and may be used when connecting a small number of network devices together. In some cases, a switch can be substituted for the hub 422. In this example, the hub 422 connects desktop computers 424 and laptop computers 426 to the enterprise network 400. In this example, each of the desktop computers 424 and laptop computers 426 are connected to the hub 422 using a physical cable.

In this example, the additional switch 406 b is also connected to a wireless access point 428. The wireless access point 428 provides wireless access to the enterprise network 400 for wireless-enabled network or client devices. Examples of wireless-enabled network and client devices include laptops 430, tablet computers 432, and smart phones 434, among others. In some implementations, the wireless access point 428 may also provide switching and/or routing functionality.

The example enterprise network 400 of FIG. 4 is defended from network threats by a network threat detection and analysis system, which uses deception security mechanisms to attract and divert attacks on the network. The deceptive security mechanisms may be controlled by and inserted into the enterprise network 400 using a deception center 498 and sensors 490, which may also be referred to as deception sensors, installed in various places in the enterprise network 400. In some implementations, the deception center 498 and the sensors 490 interact with a security services provider 496 located outside of the enterprise network 400. The deception center 498 may also obtain or exchange data with sources located on external networks 450, such as the Internet.

In various implementations, the sensors 490 are a minimal combination of hardware and/or software, sufficient to form a network connection with the enterprise network 400 and a network tunnel 480 with the deception center 498. For example, a sensor 490 may be constructed using a low-power processor, a network interface, and a simple operating system. In some implementations, any of the devices in the enterprise network (e.g., the servers 408, 412, 416, 418 the printers 410, the computing devices 424, 426, 430, 432, 434, or the network infrastructure devices 404, 406 a, 406 b, 428) can be configured to act as a sensor.

In various implementations, one or more sensors 490 can be installed anywhere in the enterprise network 400, include being attached switches 406 a, hubs 422, wireless access points 428, and so on. The sensors 490 can further be configured to be part of one or more VLANs. The sensors 490 provide the deception center 498 with visibility into the enterprise network 400, such as for example being able to operate as a node in the enterprise network 400, and/or being able to present or project deceptive security mechanisms into the enterprise network 400. Additionally, in various implementations, the sensors 490 may provide a portal through which a suspected attack on the enterprise network 400 can be redirected to the deception center 498.

The deception center 498 provides network security for the enterprise network 400 by deploying security mechanisms into the enterprise network 400, monitoring the enterprise network 400 through the security mechanisms, detecting and redirecting apparent threats, and analyzing network activity resulting from the apparent threat. To provide security for the enterprise network 400, in various implementations the deception center 498 may communicate with sensors 490 installed in the enterprise network 400, using, for example, network tunnels 480. The tunnels 480 may allow the deception center 498 to be located in a different sub-network (“subnet”) than the enterprise network 400, on a different network, or remote from the enterprise network 400, with intermediate networks between the deception center 498 and the enterprise network 400. In some implementations, the enterprise network 400 can include more than one deception center 498. In some implementations, the deception center may be located off-site, such as in an external network 450.

In some implementations, the security services provider 496 may act as a central hub for providing security to multiple site networks, possibly including site networks controlled by different organizations. For example, the security services provider 496 may communicate with multiple deception centers 498 that each provide security for a different enterprise network 400 for the same organization. As another example, the security services provider 496 may coordinate the activities of the deception center 498 and the sensors 490, such as enabling the deception center 498 and the sensors 490 to connect to each other. In some implementations, the security services provider 496 is located outside the enterprise network 400. In some implementations, the security services provider 496 is controlled by a different entity than the entity that controls the site network. For example, the security services provider 496 may be an outside vendor. In some implementations, the security services provider 496 is controlled by the same entity as that controls the enterprise network 400. In some implementations, the network security system does not include a security services provider 496.

FIG. 4 illustrates one example of what can be considered a “traditional” network, that is, a network that is based on the interconnection of computers. In various implementations, a network security system, such as the deception-based system discussed above, can also be used to defend “non-traditional” networks that include devices other than traditional computers, such as for example mechanical, electrical, or electromechanical devices, sensors, actuators, and control systems. Such “non-traditional” networks may be referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT). The Internet of Things encompasses newly-developed, every-day devices designed to be networked (e.g., drones, self-driving automobiles, etc.) as well as common and long-established machinery that has augmented to be connected to a network (e.g., home appliances, traffic signals, etc.).

FIG. 5 illustrates a general example of an IoT network 500. The example IoT network 500 can be implemented wherever sensors, actuators, and control systems can be found. For example, the example IoT network 500 can be implemented for buildings, roads and bridges, agriculture, transportation and logistics, utilities, air traffic control, factories, and private homes, among others. In various implementations, the IoT network 500 includes cloud service 554 that collects data from various sensors 510 a-510 d, 512 a-512 d, located in various locations. Using the collected data, the cloud service 554 can provide services 520, control of machinery and equipment 514, exchange of data with traditional network devices 516, and/or exchange of data with user devices 518. In some implementations, the cloud service 554 can work with a deception center 528 and/or a security service provider 526 to provide security for the network 500.

A cloud service, such as the illustrated cloud service 554, is a resource provided over the Internet 550. Sometimes synonymous with “cloud computing,” the resource provided by the cloud services is in the “cloud” in that the resource is provided by hardware and/or software at some location remote from the place where the resource is used. Often, the hardware and software of the cloud service is distributed across multiple physical locations. Generally, the resource provided by the cloud service is not directly associated with specific hardware or software resources, such that use of the resource can continue when the hardware or software is changed. The resource provided by the cloud service can often also be shared between multiple users of the cloud service, without affecting each user's use. The resource can often also be provided as needed or on-demand. Often, the resource provided by the cloud service 554 is automated, or otherwise capable of operating with little or no assistance from human operators.

Examples of cloud services include software as a service (SaaS), infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), desktop as a service (DaaS), managed software as a service (MSaaS), mobile backend as a service (MBaaS), and information technology management as a service (ITMaas). Specific examples of cloud services include data centers, such as those operated by Amazon Web Services and Google Web Services, among others, that provide general networking and software services. Other examples of cloud services include those associated with smartphone applications, or “apps,” such as for example apps that track fitness and health, apps that allow a user to remotely manage her home security system or thermostat, and networked gaming apps, among others. In each of these examples, the company that provides the app may also provide cloud-based storage of application data, cloud-based software and computing resources, and/or networking services. In some cases, the company manages the cloud services provided by the company, including managing physical hardware resources. In other cases, the company leases networking time from a data center provider.

In some cases, the cloud service 554 is part of one integrated system, run by one entity. For example, the cloud service 554 can be part of a traffic control system. In this example, sensors 510 a-510 d, 512 a-512 d can be used to monitor traffic and road conditions. In this example, the cloud service 554 can attempt to optimize the flow of traffic and also provide traffic safety. For example, the sensors 510 a-510 d, 512 a-512 d can include a sensor 512 a on a bridge that monitors ice formation. When the sensor 512 a detects that ice has formed on the bridge, the sensor 512 a can alert the cloud service 554. The cloud service 554, can respond by interacting with machinery and equipment 514 that manages traffic in the area of the bridge. For example, the cloud service 554 can turn on warning signs, indicating to drivers that the bridge is icy. Generally, the interaction between the sensor 512, the cloud service 554, and the machinery and equipment 514 is automated, requiring little or no management by human operators.

In various implementations, the cloud service 554 collects or receives data from sensors 510 a-510 d, 512 a-512 d, distributed across one or more networks. The sensors 510 a-510 d, 512 a-512 d include devices capable of “sensing” information, such as air or water temperature, air pressure, weight, motion, humidity, fluid levels, noise levels, and so on. The sensors 510 a-510 d, 512 a-512 d can alternatively or additionally include devices capable of receiving input, such as cameras, microphones, touch pads, keyboards, key pads, and so on. In some cases, a group of sensors 510 a-510 d may be common to one customer network 502. For example, the sensors 510 a-510 d may be motion sensors, traffic cameras, temperature sensors, and other sensors for monitoring traffic in a city's metro area. In this example, the sensors 510 a-510 d can be located in one area of the city, or be distribute across the city, and be connected to a common network. In these cases, the sensors 510 a-510 d can communicate with a gateway device 562, such as a network gateway. The gateway device 562 can further communicate with the cloud service 554.

In some cases, in addition to receiving data from sensors 510 a-510 d in one customer network 502, the cloud service 554 can also receive data from sensors 512 a-512 d in other sites 504 a-504 c. These other sites 504 a-504 c can be part of the same customer network 502 or can be unrelated to the customer network 502. For example, the other sites 504 a-504 c can each be the metro area of a different city, and the sensors 512 a-512 d can be monitoring traffic for each individual city.

Generally, communication between the cloud service 554 and the sensors 510 a-510 d, 512 a-512 d is bidirectional. For example, the sensors 510 a-510 d, 512 a-512 d can send information to the cloud service 554. The cloud service 554 can further provide configuration and control information to the sensors 510 a-510 d, 512 a-512 d. For example, the cloud service 554 can enable or disable a sensor 510 a-510 d, 512 a-512 d or modify the operation of a sensor 510 a-510 d, 512 a-512 d, such as changing the format of the data provided by a sensor 510 a-510 d, 512 a-512 d or upgrading the firmware of a sensor 510 a-510 d, 512 a-512 d.

In various implementations, the cloud service 554 can operate on the data received from the sensors 510 a-510 d, 512 a-512 d, and use this data to interact with services 520 provided by the cloud service 554, or to interact with machinery and equipment 514, network devices 516, and/or user devices 518 available to the cloud service 554. Services 520 can include software-based services, such as cloud-based applications, website services, or data management services. Services 520 can alternatively or additionally include media, such as streaming video or music or other entertainment services. Services 520 can also include delivery and/or coordination of physical assets, such as for example package delivery, direction of vehicles for passenger pick-up and drop-off, or automate re-ordering and re-stocking of supplies. In various implementations, services 520 may be delivered to and used by the machinery and equipment 514, the network devices 516, and/or the user devices 518.

In various implementations, the machinery and equipment 514 can include physical systems that can be controlled by the cloud service 554. Examples of machinery and equipment 514 include factory equipment, trains, electrical street cars, self-driving cars, traffic lights, gate and door locks, and so on. In various implementations, the cloud service 554 can provide configuration and control of the machinery and equipment 514 in an automated fashion.

The network devices 516 can include traditional networking equipment, such as server computers, data storage devices, routers, switches, gateways, and so on. In various implementations, the cloud service 554 can provide control and management of the network devices 516, such as for example automated upgrading of software, security monitoring, or asset tracking. Alternatively or additionally, in various implementations the cloud service 554 can exchange data with the network devices 516, such as for example providing websites, providing stock trading data, or providing online shopping resources, among others. Alternatively or additionally, the network devices 516 can include computing systems used by the cloud service provider to manage the cloud service 554.

The user devices 518 can include individual personal computers, smart phones, tablet devices, smart watches, fitness trackers, medical devices, and so on that can be associated with an individual user. The cloud service 554 can exchange data with the user devices 518, such as for example provide support for applications installed on the user devices 518, providing websites, providing streaming media, providing directional navigation services, and so on. Alternatively or additionally, the cloud service 554 may enable a user to use a user device 518 to access and/or view other devices, such as the sensors 510 a-510 d, 512 a-512 d, the machinery and equipment 514, or the network devices 516.

In various implementations, the services 520, machinery and equipment 514, network devices 516, and user devices 518 may be part of one customer network 506. In some cases, this customer network 506 is the same as the customer network 502 that includes the sensors 510 a-510 d. In some cases, the services 520, machinery and equipment 514, network devices 516, and user devices 518 are part of the same network, and may instead be part of various other networks 506.

In various implementations, customer networks can include a deception center 598. The deception center 598 provides network security for the IoT network 500 by deploying security mechanisms into the IoT network 500, monitoring the IoT network 500 through the security mechanisms, detecting and redirecting apparent threats, and analyzing network activity resulting from the apparent threat. To provide security for the IoT network 500, in various implementations the deception center 598 may communicate with the sensors 510 a-5106 d, 512 a-5012 installed in the IoT network 500, for example through the cloud service 554. In some implementations, the IoT network 500 can include more than one deception center 598. For example, each of customer network 502 and customer networks or other networks 506 can include a deception center 528.

In some implementations, the deception center 598 and the sensors 510 a-510 d, 512 a-512 d interact with a security services provider 596. In some implementations, the security services provider 596 may act as a central hub for providing security to multiple site networks, possibly including site networks controlled by different organizations. For example, the security services provider 596 may communicate with multiple deception centers 598 that each provide security for a different IoT network 500 for the same organization. As another example, the security services provider 596 may coordinate the activities of the deception center 598 and the sensors 510 a-510 d, 512 a-512 d, such as enabling the deception center 598 and the sensors 510 a-510 d, 512 a-512 d to connect to each other. In some implementations, the security services provider 596 is integrated into the cloud service 554. In some implementations, the security services provider 596 is controlled by a different entity than the entity that controls the site network. For example, the security services provider 596 may be an outside vendor. In some implementations, the security services provider 596 is controlled by the same entity as that controls the IoT network 500. In some implementations, the network security system does not include a security services provider 596.

IoT networks can also include small networks of non-traditional devices. FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a customer network that is a small network 600, here implemented in a private home. A network for a home is an example of small network that may have both traditional and non-traditional network devices connected to the network 600, in keeping with an Internet of Things approach. Home networks are also an example of networks that are often implemented with minimal security. The average homeowner is not likely to be a sophisticated network security expert, and may rely on his modem or router to provide at least some basic security. The homeowner, however, is likely able to at least set up a basic home network. A deception-based network security device may be as simple to set up as a home router or base station, yet provide sophisticated security for the network 600.

The example network 600 of FIG. 6 may be a single network, or may include multiple sub-networks. These sub-networks may or may not communicate with each other. For example, the network 600 may include a sub-network that uses the electrical wiring in the house as a communication channel. Devices configured to communicate in this way may connect to the network using electrical outlets, which also provide the devices with power. The sub-network may include a central controller device, which may coordinate the activities of devices connected to the electrical network, including turning devices on and off at particular times. One example of a protocol that uses the electrical wiring as a communication network is X10.

The network 600 may also include wireless and wired networks, built into the home or added to the home solely for providing a communication medium for devices in the house. Examples of wireless, radio-based networks include networks using protocols such as Z-Wave™, Zigbee™ (also known as Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4), Bluetooth™, and Wi-Fi (also known as IEEE 802.11), among others. Wireless networks can be set up by installing a wireless base station in the house. Alternatively or additionally, a wireless network can be established by having at least two devices in the house that are able to communicate with each other using the same protocol.

Examples of wired networks include Ethernet (also known as IEEE 802.3), token ring (also known as IEEE 802.5), Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), and Attached Resource Computer Network (ARCNET), among others. A wired network can be added to the house by running cabling through the walls, ceilings, and/or floors, and placing jacks in various rooms that devices can connect to with additional cables. The wired network can be extended using routers, switches, and/or hubs. In many cases, wired networks may be interconnected with wireless networks, with the interconnected networks operating as one seamless network. For example, an Ethernet network may include a wireless base station that provides a Wi-Fi signal for devices in the house.

As noted above, a small network 600 implemented in a home is one that may include both traditional network devices and non-traditional, everyday electronics and appliances that have also been connected to the network 600. Examples of rooms where one may find non-traditional devices connected to the network are the kitchen and laundry rooms. For example, in the kitchen a refrigerator 604, oven 606, microwave 608, and dishwasher 610 may be connected to the network 600, and in the laundry room a washing machine 612 may be connected to the network 600. By attaching these appliances to the network 600, the homeowner can monitor the activity of each device (e.g., whether the dishes are clean, the current state of a turkey in the oven, or the washing machine cycle) or change the operation of each device without needing to be in the same room or even be at home. The appliances can also be configured to resupply themselves. For example, the refrigerator 604 may detect that a certain product is running low, and may place an order with a grocery delivery service for the product to be restocked.

The network 600 may also include environmental appliances, such as a thermostat 602 and a water heater 614. By having these devices connected to the network 600, the homeowner can monitor the current environment of the house (e.g., the air temperature or the hot water temperature), and adjust the settings of these appliances while at home or away. Furthermore, software on the network 600 or on the Internet 650 may track energy usage for the heating and cooling units and the water heater 614. This software may also track energy usage for the other devices, such as the kitchen and laundry room appliances. The energy usage of each appliance may be available to the homeowner over the network 600.

In the living room, various home electronics may be on the network 600. These electronics may have once been fully analog or may have been standalone devices, but now include a network connection for exchanging data with other devices in the network 600 or with the Internet 650. The home electronics in this example include a television 618, a gaming system 620, and a media device 622 (e.g., a video and/or audio player). Each of these devices may play media hosted, for example, on network attached storage 636 located elsewhere in the network 600, or media hosted on the Internet 650.

The network 600 may also include home safety and security devices, such as a smoke detector 616, an electronic door lock 624, and a home security system 626. Having these devices on the network may allow the homeowner to track the information monitored and/or sensed by these devices, both when the homeowner is at home and away from the house. For example, the homeowner may be able to view a video feed from a security camera 628. When the safety and security devices detect a problem, they may also inform the homeowner. For example, the smoke detector 616 may send an alert to the homeowner's smartphone when it detects smoke, or the electronic door lock 624 may alert the homeowner when there has been a forced entry. Furthermore, the homeowner may be able to remotely control these devices. For example, the homeowner may be able to remotely open the electronic door lock 624 for a family member who has been locked out. The safety and security devices may also use their connection to the network to call the fire department or police if necessary.

Another non-traditional device that may be found in the network 600 is the family car 630. The car 630 is one of many devices, such as laptop computers 638, tablet computers 646, and smartphones 642, that connect to the network 600 when at home, and when not at home, may be able to connect to the network 600 over the Internet 650. Connecting to the network 600 over the Internet 650 may provide the homeowner with remote access to his network. The network 600 may be able to provide information to the car 630 and receive information from the car 630 while the car is away. For example, the network 600 may be able to track the location of the car 630 while the car 630 is away.

In the home office and elsewhere around the house, this example network 600 includes some traditional devices connected to the network 600. For example, the home office may include a desktop computer 632 and network attached storage 636. Elsewhere around the house, this example includes a laptop computer 638 and handheld devices such as a tablet computer 646 and a smartphone 642. In this example, a person 640 is also connected to the network 600. The person 640 may be connected to the network 600 wirelessly through personal devices worn by the person 640, such as a smart watch, fitness tracker, or heart rate monitor. The person 640 may alternatively or additionally be connected to the network 600 through a network-enabled medical device, such as a pacemaker, heart monitor, or drug delivery system, which may be worn or implanted.

The desktop computer 632, laptop computer 638, tablet computer 646, and/or smartphone 642 may provide an interface that allows the homeowner to monitor and control the various devices connected to the network. Some of these devices, such as the laptop computer 638, the tablet computer 646, and the smartphone 642 may also leave the house, and provide remote access to the network 600 over the Internet 650. In many cases, however, each device on the network may have its own software for monitoring and controlling only that one device. For example, the thermostat 602 may use one application while the media device 622 uses another, and the wireless network provides yet another. Furthermore, it may be the case that the various sub-networks in the house do not communicate with each other, and/or are viewed and controlled using software that is unique to each sub-network. In many cases, the homeowner may not have one unified and easily understood view of his entire home network 600.

The small network 600 in this example may also include network infrastructure devices, such as a router or switch (not shown) and a wireless base station 634. The wireless base station 634 may provide a wireless network for the house. The router or switch may provide a wired network for the house. The wireless base station 634 may be connected to the router or switch to provide a wireless network that is an extension of the wired network. The router or switch may be connected to a gateway device 648 that connects the network 600 to other networks, including the Internet 650. In some cases, a router or switch may be integrated into the gateway device 648. The gateway device 648 is a cable modem, digital subscriber line (DSL) modem, optical modem, analog modem, or some other device that connects the network 600 to an ISP. The ISP may provide access to the Internet 650. Typically, a home network only has one gateway device 648. In some cases, the network 600 may not be connected to any networks outside of the house. In these cases, information about the network 600 and control of devices in the network 600 may not be available when the homeowner is not connected to the network 600; that is, the homeowner may not have access to his network 600 over the Internet 650.

Typically, the gateway device 648 includes a hardware and/or software firewall. A firewall monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and, by applying security rules to the network traffic, attempts to keep harmful network traffic out of the network 600. In many cases, a firewall is the only security system protecting the network 600. While a firewall may work for some types of intrusion attempts originating outside the network 600, the firewall may not block all intrusion mechanisms, particularly intrusions mechanisms hidden in legitimate network traffic. Furthermore, while a firewall may block intrusions originating on the Internet 650, the firewall may not detect intrusions originating from within the network 600. For example, an infiltrator may get into the network 600 by connecting to signal from the Wi-Fi base station 634. Alternatively, the infiltrator may connect to the network 600 by physically connecting, for example, to the washing machine 612. The washing machine 612 may have a port that a service technician can connect to service the machine. Alternatively or additionally, the washing machine 612 may have a simple Universal Serial Bus (USB) port. Once an intruder has gained access to the washing machine 612, the intruder may have access to the rest of the network 600.

To provide more security for the network 600, a deception-based network security device 660 can be added to the network 600. In some implementations, the security device 660 is a standalone device that can be added to the network 600 by connecting it to a router or switch. In some implementations, the security device 660 can alternatively or additionally be connected to the network's 600 wireless sub-network by powering on the security device 660 and providing it with Wi-Fi credentials. The security device 660 may have a touchscreen, or a screen and a keypad, for inputting Wi-Fi credentials. Alternatively or additionally, the homeowner may be able to enter network information into the security device by logging into the security device 660 over a Bluetooth™ or Wi-Fi signal using software on a smartphone, tablet, or laptop, or using a web browser. In some implementations, the security device 660 can be connected to a sub-network running over the home's electrical wiring by connecting the security device 660 to a power outlet. In some implementations, the security device 660 may have ports, interfaces, and/or radio antennas for connecting to the various sub-networks that can be included in the network 600. This may be useful, for example, when the sub-networks do not communicate with each other, or do not communicate with each other seamlessly. Once powered on and connected, the security device 660 may self-configure and monitor the security of each sub-network in the network 600 that it is connected to.

In some implementations, the security device 660 may be configured to connect between the gateway device 648 and the network's 600 primary router, and/or between the gateway device 648 and the gateway device's 648 connection to the wall. Connected in one or both of these locations, the security device 660 may be able to control the network's 600 connection with outside networks. For example, the security device can disconnect the network 600 from the Internet 650.

In some implementations, the security device 660, instead of being implemented as a standalone device, may be integrated into one or more of the appliances, home electronics, or computing devices (in this example network 600), or in some other device not illustrated here. For example, the security device 660—or the functionality of the security device 660—may be incorporated into the gateway device 648 or a desktop computer 632 or a laptop computer 638. As another example, the security device 660 can be integrated into a kitchen appliance (e.g., the refrigerator 604 or microwave 608), a home media device (e.g., the television 618 or gaming system 620), or the home security system 626. In some implementations, the security device 660 may be a printed circuit board that can be added to another device without requiring significant changes to the other device. In some implementations, the security device 660 may be implemented using an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) or Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) that can be added to the electronics of a device. In some implementations, the security device 660 may be implemented as a software module or modules that can run concurrently with the operating system or firmware of a networked device. In some implementations, the security device 660 may have a physical or virtual security barrier that prevents access to it by the device that it is integrated into. In some implementations, the security device's 660 presence in another device may be hidden from the device into which the security device 660 is integrated.

In various implementations, the security device 660 may scan the network 600 to determine which devices are present in the network 600. Alternatively or additionally, the security device 660 may communicate with a central controller in the network 600 (or multiple central controllers, when there are sub-networks, each with their own central controller) to learn which devices are connected to the network 600. In some implementations, the security device 660 may undergo a learning period, during which the security device 660 learns the normal activity of the network 600, such as what time of day appliances and electronics are used, what they are used for, and/or what data is transferred to and from these devices. During the learning period, the security device 660 may alert the homeowner to any unusual or suspicious activity. The homeowner may indicate that this activity is acceptable, or may indicate that the activity is an intrusion. As described below, the security device 660 may subsequently take preventive action against the intrusion.

Once the security device 660 has learned the topology and/or activity of the network 600, the security device 660 may be able to provide deception-based security for the network 600. In some implementations, the security device 660 may deploy security mechanisms that are configured to emulate devices that could be found in the network 600. In some implementations, the security device 660 may monitor activity on the network 600, including watching the data sent between the various devices on the network 600, and between the devices and the Internet 650. The security device 660 may be looking for activity that is unusual, unexpected, or readily identifiable as suspect. Upon detecting suspicious activity in the network 600, the security device 660 may deploy deceptive security mechanisms.

In some implementations, the deceptive security mechanisms are software processes running on the security device 660 that emulate devices that may be found in the network 600. In some implementations, the security device 660 may be assisted in emulating the security devices by another device on the network 600, such as the desktop computer 632. From the perspective of devices connected to the network 600, the security mechanisms appear just like any other device on the network, including, for example, having an Internet Protocol (IP) address, a Media Access Control (MAC) address, and/or some other identification information, having an identifiable device type, and responding to or transmitting data just as would the device being emulated. The security mechanisms may be emulated by the security device 660 itself; thus, while, from the point of view of the network 600, the network 600 appears to have additional devices, no physical equivalent (other than the security device 660) can be found in the house.

The devices and data emulated by a security mechanism are selected such that the security mechanism is an attractive target for intrusion attempts. Thus, the security mechanism may emulate valuable data, and/or devices that are easily hacked into, and/or devices that provide easy access to the reset of the network 600. Furthermore, the security mechanisms emulate devices that are likely to be found in the network 600, such as a second television, a second thermostat, or another laptop computer. In some implementations, the security device 660 may contact a service on the Internet 650 for assistance in selecting devices to emulate and/or for how to configure emulated devices. The security devices 660 may select and configure security mechanisms to be attractive to intrusions attempts, and to deflect attention away from more valuable or vulnerable network assets. Additionally, the security mechanisms can assist in confirming that an intrusion into the network 600 has actually taken place.

In some implementations, the security device 660 may deploy deceptive security mechanisms in advance of detecting any suspicious activity. For example, having scanned the network, the security device 660 may determine that the network 600 includes only one television 618 and one smoke detector 616. The security device 660 may therefore choose to deploy security mechanisms that emulate a second television and a second smoke detector. With security mechanisms preemptively added to the network, when there is an intrusion attempt, the intruder may target the security mechanisms instead of valuable or vulnerable network devices. The security mechanisms thus may serve as decoys and may deflect an intruder away from the network's 600 real devices.

In some implementations, the security mechanisms deployed by the security device 660 may take into account specific requirements of the network 600 and/or the type of devices that can be emulated. For example, in some cases, the network 600 (or a sub-network) may assign identifiers to each device connected to the network 600, and/or each device may be required to adopt a unique identifier. In these cases, the security device 660 may assign an identifier to deployed security mechanisms that do not interfere with identifiers used by actual devices in the network 600. As another example, in some cases, devices on the network 600 may register themselves with a central controller and/or with a central service on the Internet 650. For example, the thermostat 602 may register with a service on the Internet 650 that monitors energy use for the home. In these cases, the security mechanisms that emulate these types of devices may also register with the central controller or the central service. Doing so may improve the apparent authenticity of the security mechanism, and may avoid conflicts with the central controller or central service. Alternatively or additionally, the security device 660 may determine to deploy security mechanisms that emulate other devices, and avoid registering with the central controller or central service.

In some implementations, the security device 660 may dynamically adjust the security mechanisms that it has deployed. For example, when the homeowner adds devices to the network 600, the security device 660 may remove security mechanisms that conflict with the new devices, or change a security mechanism so that the security mechanism's configuration is not incongruous with the new devices (e.g., the security mechanisms should not have the same MAC address as a new device). As another example, when the network owner removes a device from the network 600, the security device 660 may add a security mechanism that mimics the device that was removed. As another example, the security device may change the activity of a security mechanism, for example, to reflect changes in the normal activity of the home, changes in the weather, the time of year, the occurrence of special events, and so on.

The security device 660 may also dynamically adjust the security mechanisms it has deployed in response to suspicious activity it has detected on the network 600. For example, upon detecting suspicious activity, the security device 660 may change the behavior of a security mechanism or may deploy additional security mechanisms. The changes to the security mechanisms may be directed by the suspicious activity, meaning that if, for example, the suspicious activity appears to be probing for a wireless base station 634, the security device 660 may deploy a decoy wireless base station.

Changes to the security mechanisms are meant not only to attract a possible intrusion, but also to confirm that an intrusion has, in fact occurred. Since the security mechanisms are not part of the normal operation of the network 600, normal occupants of the home are not expected to access the security mechanisms. Thus, in most cases, any access of a security mechanism is suspect. Once the security device 660 has detected an access to a security mechanism, the security device 660 may next attempt to confirm that an intrusion into the network 600 has taken place. An intrusion can be confirmed, for example, by monitoring activity at the security mechanism. For example, login attempts, probing of data emulated by the security mechanism, copying of data from the security mechanism, and attempts to log into another part of the network 600 from the security mechanism indicate a high likelihood that an intrusion has occurred.

Once the security device 660 is able to confirm an intrusion into the network 600, the security device 660 may alert the homeowner. For example, the security device 660 may sound an audible alarm, send an email or text message to the homeowner or some other designated persons, and/or send an alert to an application running on a smartphone or tablet. As another example, the security device 660 may access other network devices and, for example, flash lights, trigger the security system's 626 alarm, and/or display messages on devices that include display screens, such as the television 618 or refrigerator 604. In some implementations, depending on the nature of the intrusion, the security device 660 may alert authorities such as the police or fire department.

In some implementations, the security device 660 may also take preventive actions. For example, when an intrusion appears to have originated outside the network 600, the security device 660 may block the network's 600 access to the Internet 650, thus possibly cutting off the intrusion. As another example, when the intrusion appears to have originated from within the network 600, the security device 660 may isolate any apparently compromised devices, for example by disconnecting them from the network 600. When only its own security mechanisms are compromised, the security device 660 may isolate itself from the rest of the network 600. As another example, when the security device 660 is able to determine that the intrusion very likely included physical intrusion into the house, the security device 660 may alert the authorities. The security device 660 may further lock down the house by, for example, locking any electronic door locks 624.

In some implementations, the security device 660 may be able to enable a homeowner to monitor the network 600 when a suspicious activity has been detected, or at any other time. For example, the homeowner may be provided with a software application that can be installed on a smartphone, tablet, desktop, and/or laptop computer. The software application may receive information from the security device 660 over a wired or wireless connection. Alternatively or additionally, the homeowner may be able to access information about his network through a web browser, where the security device 660 formats webpages for displaying the information. Alternatively or additionally, the security device 660 may itself have a touchscreen or a screen and key pad that provide information about the network 600 to the homeowner.

The information provided to the homeowner may include, for example, a list and/or graphic display of the devices connected to the network 600. The information may further provide a real-time status of each device, such as whether the device is on or off, the current activity of the device, data being transferred to or from the device, and/or the current user of the device, among other things. The list or graphic display may update as devices connect and disconnect from the network 600, such as for example laptops and smartphones connecting to or disconnecting from a wireless sub-network in the network 600. The security device 660 may further alert the homeowner when a device has unexpectedly been disconnected from the network 600. The security device 660 may further alert the homeowner when an unknown device connects to the network 600, such as for example when a device that is not known to the homeowner connects to the Wi-Fi signal.

The security device 660 may also maintain historic information. For example, the security device 660 may provide snapshots of the network 600 taken once a day, once a week, or once a month. The security device 660 may further provide a list of devices that have, for example, connected to the wireless signal in the last hour or day, at what times, and for how long. The security device 660 may also be able to provide identification information for these devices, such as MAC addresses or usernames. As another example, the security device 660 may also maintain usage statistics for each device in the network 600, such as for example the times at which each device was in use, what the device was used for, how much energy the device used, and so on.

The software application or web browser or display interface that provides the homeowner with information about his network 600 may also enable the homeowner to make changes to the network 600 or to devices in the network 600. For example, through the security device 660, the homeowner may be able to turn devices on or off, change the configuration of a device, change a password for a device or for the network, and so on.

In some implementations, the security device 660 may also display currently deployed security mechanisms and their configuration. In some implementations, the security device 660 may also display activity seen at the security mechanisms, such as for example a suspicious access to a security mechanism. In some implementations, the security device 660 may also allow the homeowner to customize the security mechanisms. For example, the homeowner may be able to add or remove security mechanisms, modify data emulated by the security mechanisms, modify the configuration of security mechanism, and/or modify the activity of a security mechanism.

A deception-based network security device 660 thus can provide sophisticated security for a small network. The security device 660 may be simple to add to a network, yet provide comprehensive protection against both external and internal intrusions. Moreover, the security device 660 may be able to monitor multiple sub-networks that are each using different protocols. The security device 660, using deceptive security mechanisms, may be able to detect and confirm intrusions into the network 600. The security device 660 may be able to take preventive actions when an intrusion occurs. The security device 660 may also be able to provide the homeowner with information about his network, and possibly also control over devices in the network.

FIG. 7 illustrates another example of a small network 700, here implemented in a small business. A network in a small business may have both traditional and non-traditional devices connected to the network 700. Small business networks are also examples of networks that are often implemented with minimal security. A small business owner may not have the financial or technical resources, time, or expertise to configure a sophisticated security infrastructure for her network 700. The business owner, however, is likely able to at least set up a network 700 for the operation of the business. A deception-based network security device that is at least as simple to set up as the network 700 itself may provide inexpensive and simple yet sophisticated security for the network 700.

The example network 700 may be one, single network, or may include multiple sub-networks. For example, the network 700 may include a wired sub-network, such as an Ethernet network, and a wireless sub-network, such as an 802.11 Wi-Fi network. The wired sub-network may be implemented using cables that have been run through the walls and/or ceilings to the various rooms in the business. The cables may be connected to jacks in the walls that devices can connect to in order to connect to the network 700. The wireless network may be implemented using a wireless base station 720, or several wireless base stations, which provide a wireless signal throughout the business. The network 700 may include other wireless sub-networks, such as a short-distance Bluetooth™ network. In some cases, the sub-networks communicate with one another. For example, the Wi-Fi sub-network may be connected to the wired Ethernet sub-network. In some cases, the various sub-networks in the network 700 may not be configured to or able to communicate with each other.

As noted above, the small business network 700 may include both computers, network infrastructure devices, and other devices not traditionally found in a network. The network 700 may also include electronics, machinery, and systems that have been connected to the network 700 according to an Internet-of-Things approach. Workshop machinery that was once purely analog may now have computer controls. Digital workshop equipment may be network-enabled. By connecting shop equipment and machinery to the network 700, automation and efficiency of the business can be improved and orders, materials, and inventory can be tracked. Having more devices on the network 700, however, may increase the number of vulnerabilities in the network 700. Devices that have only recently become network-enabled may be particularly vulnerable because their security systems have not yet been hardened through use and attack. A deception-based network security device may provide simple-to-install and sophisticated security for a network that may otherwise have only minimal security.

The example small business of FIG. 7 includes a front office. In the front office, the network may include devices for administrative tasks. These devices may include, for example, a laptop computer 722 and a telephone 708. These devices may be attached to the network 700 in order to, for example, access records related to the business, which may be stored on a server 732 located elsewhere in the building. In the front office, security devices for the building may also be found, including, for example, security system controls 724 and an electronic door lock 726. Having the security devices on the network 700 may enable the business owner to remotely control access to the building. The business owner may also be able to remotely monitor the security of building, such as for example being able to view video streams from security cameras 742. The front office may also be where environmental controls, such as a thermostat 702, are located. Having the thermostat 702 on the network 700 may allow the business owner to remotely control the temperature settings. A network-enabled thermostat 702 may also track energy usage for the heating and cooling systems. The front office may also include safety devices, such as a network-connected smoke alarm 728. A network-connected smoke alarm may be able to inform the business owner that there is a problem in the building be connecting to the business owner's smartphone or computer.

Another workspace in this example small business is a workshop. In the workshop, the network 700 may include production equipment for producing the goods sold by the business. The production equipment may include, for example, manufacturing machines 704 (e.g. a milling machine, a Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine, a 3D printer, or some other machine tool) and a plotter 706. The production equipment may be controlled by a computer on the network 700, and/or may receive product designs over the network 700 and independently execute the designs. In the workshop, one may also find other devices related to the manufacturing of products, such as radiofrequency identification (RFID) scanners, barcode or Quick Response (QR) code generators, and other devices for tracking inventory, as well as electronic tools, hand tools, and so on.

In the workshop and elsewhere in the building, mobile computing devices and people 738 may also be connected to the network 700. Mobile computing devices include, for example, tablet computers 734 and smartphones 736. These devices may be used to control production equipment, track supplies and inventory, receive and track orders, and/or for other operations of the business. People 738 may be connected to the network through network-connected devices worn or implanted in the people 738, such as for example smart watches, fitness trackers, heart rate monitors, drug delivery systems, pacemakers, and so on.

At a loading dock, the example small business may have a delivery van 748 and a company car 746. When these vehicles are away from the business, they may be connected to the network 700 remotely, for example over the Internet 750. By being able to communicate with the network 700, the vehicles may be able to receive information such as product delivery information (e.g., orders, addresses, and/or delivery times), supply pickup instructions, and so on. The business owner may also be able to track the location of these vehicles from the business location, or over the Internet 750 when away from the business, and/or track who is using the vehicles.

The business may also have a back office. In the back office, the network 700 may include traditional network devices, such as computers 730, a multi-function printer 716, a scanner 718, and a server 732. In this example, the computers 730 may be used to design products for manufacturing in the workshop, as well as for management of the business, including tracking orders, supplies, inventory, and/or human resources records. The multi-function printer 716 and scanner 718 may support the design work and the running of the business. The server 732 may store product designs, orders, supply records, and inventory records, as well as administrative data, such as accounting and human resources data.

The back office may also be where a gateway device 770 is located. The gateway device 770 connects the small business to other networks, including the Internet 750. Typically, the gateway device 770 connects to an ISP, and the ISP provides access to the Internet 750. In some cases, a router may be integrated into the gateway device 770. In some cases, gateway device 770 may be connected to an external router, switch, or hub, not illustrated here. In some cases, the network 700 is not connected to any networks outside of the business's own network 700. In these cases, the network 700 may not have a gateway device 770.

The back office is also where the network 700 may have a deception-based network security device 760. The security device 760 may be a standalone device that may be enabled as soon as it is connected to the network 700. Alternatively or additionally, the security device 760 may be integrated into another device connected to the network 700, such as the gateway device 770, a router, a desktop computer 730, a laptop computer 722, the multi-function printer 716, or the thermostat 702, among others. When integrated into another device, the security device 760 may use the network connection of the other device, or may have its own network connection for connecting to the network 700. The security device 760 may connect to the network 700 using a wired connection or a wireless connection.

Once connected to the network 700, the security device 760 may begin monitoring the network 700 for suspect activity. In some implementations, the security device 760 may scan the network 700 to learn which devices are connected to the network 700. In some cases, the security device 760 may learn the normal activity of the network 700, such as what time the various devices are used, for how long, by whom, for what purpose, and what data is transferred to and from each device, among other things.

In some implementations, having learned the configuration and/or activity of the network 700, the security device 760 may deploy deceptive security mechanisms. These security mechanisms may emulate devices that may be found on the network 700, including having an identifiable device type and/or network identifiers (such as a MAC address and/or IP address), and being able to send and receive network traffic that a device of a certain time would send and receive. For example, for the example small business, the security device 760 may configure a security mechanism to emulate a 3D printer, a wide-body scanner, or an additional security camera. The security device 760 may further avoid configuring a security mechanism to emulate a device that is not likely to be found in the small business, such as a washing machine. The security device 760 may use the deployed security mechanisms to monitor activity on the network 700.

In various implementations, when the security device 760 detects suspect activity, the security device 760 may deploy additional security mechanisms. These additional security mechanisms may be selected based on the nature of suspect activity. For example, when the suspect activity appears to be attempting to break into the shop equipment, the security device 760 may deploy a security mechanism that looks like shop equipment that is easy to hack. In some implementations, the security device 760 may deploy security mechanisms only after detecting suspect activity on the network 700.

The security device 760 selects devices to emulate that are particularly attractive for an infiltration, either because the emulated device appears to have valuable data or because the emulated device appears to be easy to infiltrate, or for some other reason. In some implementations, the security device 760 connects to a service on the Internet 750 for assistance in determining which devices to emulate and/or how to configure the emulated device. Once deployed, the security mechanisms serve as decoys to attract the attention of a possible infiltrator away from valuable network assets. In some implementations, the security device 760 emulates the security mechanisms using software processes. In some implementations, the security device 760 may be assisted in emulating security mechanisms by a computer 730 on the network.

In some implementations, the security device 760 may deploy security mechanisms prior to detecting suspicious activity on the network 700. In these implementations, the security mechanisms may present more attractive targets for a possible, future infiltration, so that if an infiltration occurs, the infiltrator will go after the security mechanisms instead of the actual devices on the network 700.

In various implementations, the security device 760 may also change the security mechanisms that it has deployed. For example, the security device 760 may add or remove security mechanisms as the operation of the business changes, as the activity on the network 700 changes, as devices are added or removed from the network 700, as the time of year changes, and so on.

Besides deflecting a possible network infiltration away from valuable or vulnerable network devices, the security device 760 may use the security mechanisms to confirm that the network 700 has been infiltrated. Because the security mechanisms are not part of actual devices in use by the business, any access to them over the network is suspect. Thus, once the security device 760 detects an access to one of its security mechanisms, the security device 760 may attempt to confirm that this access is, in fact, an unauthorized infiltration of the network 700.

To confirm that a security mechanism has been infiltrated, the security device 760 may monitor activity seen at the security mechanism. The security device 760 may further deploy additional security mechanisms, to see if, for example, it can present an even more attractive target to the possible infiltrator. The security device 760 may further look for certain activity, such as log in attempts to other devices in the network, attempts to examine data on the security mechanism, attempts to move data from the security mechanism to the Internet 750, scanning of the network 700, password breaking attempts, and so on.

Once the security device 760 has confirmed that the network 700 has been infiltrated, the security device 760 may alert the business owner. For example, the security device 760 may sound an audible alarm, email or send text messages to the computers 730 and/or handheld devices 734, 736, send a message to the business's cars 746, 748, flash lights, or trigger the security system's 724 alarm. In some implementations, the security device 760 may also take preventive measures. For example, the security device 760 may disconnect the network 700 from the Internet 750, may disconnect specific devices from the network 700 (e.g., the server 732 or the manufacturing machines 704), may turn some network-connected devices off, and/or may lock the building.

In various implementations, the security device 760 may allow the business owner to monitor her network 700, either when an infiltration is taking place or at any other time. For example, the security device 760 may provide a display of the devices currently connected to the network 700, including flagging any devices connected to the wireless network that do not appear to be part of the business. The security device 760 may further display what each device is currently doing, who is using them, how much energy each device is presently using, and/or how much network bandwidth each device is using. The security device 760 may also be able to store this information and provide historic configuration and/or usage of the network 700.

The security device 760 may have a display it can use to show information to the business owner. Alternatively or additionally, the security device 760 may provide this information to a software application that can run on a desktop or laptop computer, a tablet, or a smartphone. Alternatively or additionally, the security device 760 may format this information for display through a web browser. The business owner may further be able to control devices on the network 700 through an interface provided by the security device 760, including, for example, turning devices on or off, adjusting settings on devices, configuring user accounts, and so on. The business owner may also be able to view any security mechanisms presently deployed, and may be able to re-configure the security mechanisms, turn them off, or turn them on.

IoT networks can also include industrial control systems. Industrial control system is a general term that encompasses several types of control systems, including supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, distributed control systems (DCS) and other control system configurations, such as Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), often found in the industrial sectors and infrastructures. Industrial control systems are often found in industries such as electrical, water and wastewater, oil and natural gas, chemical, transportation, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, food and beverage, and discrete manufacturing (e.g., automotive, aerospace, and durable goods). While a large percentage of industrial control systems may be privately owned and operated, federal agencies also operate many industrial processes, such as air traffic control systems and materials handling (e.g., Postal Service mail handling).

FIG. 8 illustrates an example of the basic operation of an industrial control system 800. Generally, an industrial control system 800 may include a control loop 802, a human-machine interface 806, and remote diagnostics and maintenance 808. In some implementations, the example industrial control system can be defended by a network threat detection and analysis system, which can include a deception center 898 and a security services provider 896.

A control loop 802 may consist of sensors 812, controller 804 hardware such as PLCs, actuators 810, and the communication of variables 832, 834. The sensors 812 may be used for measuring variables in the system, while the actuators 810 may include, for example, control valves breakers, switches, and motors. Some of the sensors 812 may be deceptions sensors. Controlled variables 834 may be transmitted to the controller 804 from the sensors 812. The controller 804 may interpret the controlled variables 834 and generates corresponding manipulated variables 832, based on set points provided by controller interaction 830. The controller 804 may then transmit the manipulated variables 832 to the actuators 810. The actuators 810 may drive a controlled process 814 (e.g., a machine on an assembly line). The controlled process 814 may accept process inputs 822 (e.g., raw materials) and produce process outputs 824 (e.g., finished products). New information 820 provided to the controlled process 814 may result in new sensor 812 signals, which identify the state of the controlled process 814 and which may also transmitted to the controller 804.

In some implementations, at least some of the sensors 812 can also provide the deception center 898 with visibility into the industrial control system 800, such as for example being able to present or project deceptive security mechanisms into the industrial control system. Additionally, in various implementations, the sensors 812 may provide a portal through which a suspected attack on the industrial control system can be redirected to the deception center 898. The deception center 898 and the sensors 812 may be able to communicate using network tunnels 880.

The deception center 898 provides network security for the industrial control system 800 by deploying security mechanisms into the industrial control system 800, monitoring the industrial control system through the security mechanisms, detecting and redirecting apparent threats, and analyzing network activity resulting from the apparent threat. In some implementations, the industrial control system 800 can include more than one deception center 898. In some implementations, the deception center may be located off-site, such as on the Internet.

In some implementations, the deception center 898 may interact with a security services provider 896 located outside the industrial control system 800. The security services provider 896 may act as a central hub for providing security to multiple sites that are part of the industrial control system 800, and/or for multiple separate, possibly unrelated, industrial control systems. For example, the security services provider 896 may communicate with multiple deception centers 898 that each provide security for a different industrial control system 800 for the same organization. As another example, the security services provider 896 may coordinate the activities of the deception center 898 and the sensors 812, such as enabling the deception center 898 and the sensors 812 to connect to each other. In some implementations, the security services provider 896 is located outside the industrial control system 800. In some implementations, the security services provider 896 is controlled by a different entity than the entity that controls the site network. For example, the security services provider 896 may be an outside vendor. In some implementations, the security services provider 896 is controlled by the same entity as that controls the industrial control system. In some implementations, the network security system does not include a security services provider 896.

The human-machine interface 806 provides operators and engineers with an interface for controller interaction 830. Controller interaction 830 may include monitoring and configuring set points and control algorithms, and adjusting and establishing parameters in the controller 804. The human-machine interface 806 typically also receives information from the controller 804 that allows the human-machine interface 806 to display process status information and historical information about the operation of the control loop 802.

The remote diagnostics and maintenance 808 utilities are typically used to prevent, identify, and recover from abnormal operation or failures. For diagnostics, the remote diagnostics and maintenance utilities 808 may monitor the operation of each of the controller 804, sensors 812, and actuators 810. To recover after a problem, the remote diagnostics and maintenance 808 utilities may provide recovery information and instructions to one or more of the controller 804, sensors 812, and/or actuators 810.

A typical industrial control system contains many control loops, human-machine interfaces, and remote diagnostics and maintenance tools, built using an array of network protocols on layered network architectures. In some cases, multiple control loops are nested and/or cascading, with the set point for one control loop being based on process variables determined by another control loop. Supervisory-level control loops and lower-level control loops typically operate continuously over the duration of a process, with cycle times ranging from milliseconds to minutes.

One type of industrial control system that may include many control loops, human-machine interfaces, and remote diagnostics and maintenance tools is a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. SCADA systems are used to control dispersed assets, where centralized data acquisition is typically as important as control of the system. SCADA systems are used in distribution systems such as, for example, water distribution and wastewater collection systems, oil and natural gas pipelines, electrical utility transmission and distribution systems, and rail and other public transportation systems, among others. SCADA systems typically integrate data acquisition systems with data transmission systems and human-machine interface software to provide a centralized monitoring and control system for numerous process inputs and outputs. SCADA systems are typically designed to collect field information, transfer this information to a central computer facility, and to display the information to an operator in a graphic and/or textual manner. Using this displayed information, the operator may, in real time, monitor and control an entire system from a central location. In various implementations, control of any individual sub-system, operation, or task can be automatic, or can be performed by manual commands.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a SCADA system 900, here used for distributed monitoring and control. This example SCADA system 900 includes a primary control center 902 and three field sites 930 a-930 c. A backup control center 904 provides redundancy in case of there is a malfunction at the primary control center 902. The primary control center 902 in this example includes a control server 906—which may also be called a SCADA server or a Master Terminal Unit (MTU)—and a local area network (LAN) 908. The primary control center 902 may also include a human-machine interface station 908, a data historian 910, engineering workstations 912, and various network equipment such as printers 914, each connected to the LAN 918.

The control server 906 typically acts as the master of the SCADA system 900. The control server 906 typically includes supervisory control software that controls lower-level control devices, such as Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and PLCs, located at the field sites 930 a-930 c. The software may tell the system 900 what and when to monitor, what parameter ranges are acceptable, and/or what response to initiate when parameters are outside of acceptable values.

The control server 906 of this example may access Remote Terminal Units and/or PLCs at the field sites 930 a-930 c using a communications infrastructure, which may include radio-based communication devices, telephone lines, cables, and/or satellites. In the illustrated example, the control server 906 is connected to a modem 916, which provides communication with serial-based radio communication 920, such as a radio antenna. Using the radio communication 920, the control server 906 can communicate with field sites 930 a-930 b using radiofrequency signals 922. Some field sites 930 a-930 b may have radio transceivers for communicating back to the control server 906.

A human-machine interface station 908 is typically a combination of hardware and software that allows human operators to monitor the state of processes in the SCADA system 900. The human-machine interface station 908 may further allow operators to modify control settings to change a control objective, and/or manually override automatic control operations, such as in the event of an emergency. The human-machine interface station 908 may also allow a control engineer or operator to configure set points or control algorithms and parameters in a controller, such as a Remote Terminal Unit or a PLC. The human-machine interface station 908 may also display process status information, historical information, reports, and other information to operators, administrators, mangers, business partners, and other authorized users. The location, platform, and interface of a human-machine interface station 908 may vary. For example, the human-machine interface station 908 may be a custom, dedicated platform in the primary control center 902, a laptop on a wireless LAN, or a browser on a system connected to the Internet.

The data historian 910 in this example is a database for logging all process information within the SCADA system 900. Information stored in this database can be accessed to support analysis of the system 900, for example for statistical process control or enterprise level planning.

The backup control center 904 may include all or most of the same components that are found in the primary control center 902. In some cases, the backup control center 904 may temporarily take over for components at the primary control center 902 that have failed or have been taken offline for maintenance. In some cases, the backup control center 904 is configured to take over all operations of the primary control center 902, such as when the primary control center 902 experiences a complete failure (e.g., is destroyed in a natural disaster).

The primary control center 902 may collect and log information gathered by the field sites 930 a-930 c and display this information using the human-machine interface station 908. The primary control center 902 may also generate actions based on detected events. The primary control center 902 may, for example, poll field devices at the field sites 930 a-930 c for data at defined intervals (e.g., 5 or 60 seconds), and can send new set points to a field device as required. In addition to polling and issuing high-level commands, the primary control center 902 may also watch for priority interrupts coming from the alarm systems at the field sites 930 a-930 c.

In this example, the primary control center 902 uses point-to-point connections to communication with three field sites 930 a-930 c, using radio telemetry for two communications with two of the field sites 930 a-930 b. In this example, the primary control center 902 uses a wide area network (WAN) 960 to communicate with the third field site 930 c. In other implementations, the primary control center 902 may use other communication topologies to communicate with field sites. Other communication topologies include rings, stars, meshes, trees, lines or series, and busses or multi-drops, among others. Standard and proprietary communication protocols may be used to transport information between the primary control center 902 and field sites 930 a-930 c. These protocols may use telemetry techniques such as provided by telephone lines, cables, fiber optics, and/or radiofrequency transmissions such as broadcast, microwave, and/or satellite communications.

The field sites 930 a-930 c in this example perform local control of actuators and monitor local sensors. For example, a first field site 930 a may include a PLC 932. A PLC is a small industrial computer originally designed to perform the logic functions formerly executed by electrical hardware (such as relays, switches, and/or mechanical timers and counters). PLCs have evolved into controllers capable of controlling complex processes, and are used extensively in both SCADA systems and distributed control systems. Other controllers used at the field level include process controllers and Remote Terminal Units, which may provide the same level of control as a PLC but may be designed for specific control applications. In SCADA environments, PLCs are often used as field devices because they are more economical, versatile, flexible, and configurable than special-purpose controllers.

The PLC 932 at a field site, such as the first field site 930 a, may control local actuators 934, 936 and monitor local sensors 938, 940, 942. Examples of actuators include valves 934 and pumps 936, among others. Examples of sensors include level sensors 938, pressure sensors 940, and flow sensors 942, among others. Any of the actuators 934, 936 or sensors 938, 940, 942 may be “smart” actuators or sensors, more commonly called intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). Intelligent electronic devices may include intelligence for acquiring data, communicating with other devices, and performing local processing and control. An intelligent electronic device could combine an analog input sensor, analog output, low-level control capabilities, a communication system, and/or program memory in one device. The use of intelligent electronic devices in SCADA systems and distributed control systems may allow for automatic control at the local level. Intelligent electronic devices, such as protective relays, may communicate directly with the control server 906. Alternatively or additionally, a local Remote Terminal Unit may poll intelligent electronic devices to collect data, which it may then pass to the control server 906.

Field sites 930 a-930 c are often equipped with remote access capability that allows field operators to perform remote diagnostics and repairs. For example, the first remote 930 a may include a modem 916 connected to the PLC 932. A remote access 950 site may be able to, using a dial up connection, connect to the modem 916. The remote access 950 site may include its own modem 916 for dialing into to the field site 930 a over a telephone line. At the remote access 950 site, an operator may use a computer 952 connected to the modem 916 to perform diagnostics and repairs on the first field site 930 a.

The example SCADA system 900 includes a second field site 930 b, which may be provisioned in substantially the same way as the first field site 930 a, having at least a modem and a PLC or Remote Terminal that controls and monitors some number of actuators and sensors.

The example SCADA system 900 also includes a third field site 930 c that includes a network interface card (NIC) 944 for communicating with the system's 900 WAN 960. In this example, the third field site 930 c includes a Remote Terminal Unit 946 that is responsible for controlling local actuators 934, 936 and monitoring local sensors 938, 940, 942. A Remote Terminal Unit, also called a remote telemetry unit, is a special-purpose data acquisition and control unit typically designed to support SCADA remote stations. Remote Terminal Units may be field devices equipped with wireless radio interfaces to support remote situations where wire-based communications are unavailable. In some cases, PLCs are implemented as Remote Terminal Units.

The SCADA system 900 of this example also includes a regional control center 970 and a corporate enterprise network 980. The regional control center 970 may provide a higher level of supervisory control. The regional control center 970 may include at least a human-machine interface station 908 and a control server 906 that may have supervisory control over the control server 906 at the primary control center 902. The corporate enterprise network 980 typically has access, through the system's 900 WAN 960, to all the control centers 902, 904 and to the field sites 930 a-930 c. The corporate enterprise network 980 may include a human-machine interface station 908 so that operators can remotely maintain and troubleshoot operations.

Another type of industrial control system is the distributed control system (DCS). Distributed control systems are typically used to control production systems within the same geographic location for industries such as oil refineries, water and wastewater management, electric power generation plants, chemical manufacturing plants, and pharmaceutical processing facilities, among others. These systems are usually process control or discrete part control systems. Process control systems may be processes that run continuously, such as manufacturing processes for fuel or steam flow in a power plant, for petroleum production in a refinery, or for distillation in a chemical plant. Discrete part control systems have processes that have distinct processing steps, typically with a distinct start and end to each step, such as found in food manufacturing, electrical and mechanical parts assembly, and parts machining. Discrete-based manufacturing industries typically conduct a series of steps on a single item to create an end product.

A distributed control system typically uses a centralized supervisory control loop to mediate a group of localized controllers that share the overall tasks of carrying out an entire production process. By modularizing the production system, a distributed control system may reduce the impact of a single fault on the overall system. A distributed control system is typically interfaced with a corporate network to give business operations a view of the production process.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a distributed control system 1000. This example distributed control system 1000 encompasses a production facility, including bottom-level production processes at a field level 1004, supervisory control systems at a supervisory level 1002, and a corporate or enterprise layer.

At the supervisory level 1002, a control server 1006, operating as a supervisory controller, may communicate with subordinate systems via a control network 1018. The control server 1006 may send set points to distributed field controllers, and may request data from the distributed field controllers. The supervisory level 1002 may include multiple control servers 1006, with one acting as the primary control server and the rest acting as redundant, back-up control servers. The supervisory level 1002 may also include a main human-machine interface 1008 for use by operators and engineers, a data historian 1010 for logging process information from the system 1000, and engineering workstations 1012.

At the field level 1004, the system 1000 may include various distributed field controllers. In the illustrated example, the distributed control system 1000 includes a machine controller 1020, a PLC 1032, a process controller 1040, and a single loop controller 1044. The distributed field controllers may each control local process actuators, based on control server 1006 commands and sensor feedback from local process sensors.

In this example, the machine controller 1020 drives a motion control network 1026. Using the motion control network 1026, the machine controller 1020 may control a number of servo drives 1022, which may each drive a motor. The machine controller 1020 may also drive a logic control bus 1028 to communicate with various devices 1024. For example, the machine controller 1020 may use the logic control bus 1028 to communicate with pressure sensors, pressure regulators, and/or solenoid valves, among other devices. One or more of the devices 1024 may be an intelligent electronic device. A human-machine interface 1008 may be attached to the machine controller 1020 to provide an operator with local status information about the processes under control of the machine controller 1020, and/or local control of the machine controller 1020. A modem 1016 may also be attached to the machine controller 1020 to provide remote access to the machine controller 1020.

The PLC 1032 in this example system 1000 uses a fieldbus 1030 to communicate with actuators 1034 and sensors 1036 under its control. These actuators 1034 and sensors 1036 may include, for example, direct current (DC) servo drives, alternating current (AC) servo drives, light towers, photo eyes, and/or proximity sensors, among others. A human-machine interface 1008 may also be attached to the fieldbus 1030 to provide operators with local status and control for the PLC 1032. A modem 1016 may also be attached to the PLC 1032 to provide remote access to the PLC 1032.

The process controller 1040 in this example system 1000 also uses a fieldbus 1030 to communicate with actuators and sensors under its control, one or more of which may be intelligent electronic devices. The process controller 1040 may communicate with its fieldbus 1030 through an input/output (I/O) server 1042. An I/O server is a control component typically responsible for collecting, buffering, and/or providing access to process information from control sub-components. An I/O server may be used for interfacing with third-party control components. Actuators and sensors under control of the process controller 1040 may include, for example, pressure regulators, pressure sensors, temperature sensors, servo valves, and/or solenoid valves, among others. The process controller 1040 may be connected to a modem 1016 so that a remote access 1050 site may access the process controller 1040. The remote access 1050 site may include a computer 1052 for use by an operator to monitor and control the process controller 1040. The computer 1052 may be connected to a local modem 1016 for dialing in to the modem 1016 connected to the process controller 1040.

The illustrated example system 1000 also includes a single loop controller 1044. In this example, the single loop controller 1044 interfaces with actuators 1034 and sensors 1036 with point-to-point connections, instead of a fieldbus. Point-to-point connections require a dedicated connection for each actuator 1034 and each sensor 1036. Fieldbus networks, in contrast, do not need point-to-point connections between a controller and individual field sensors and actuators. In some implementations, a fieldbus allows greater functionality beyond control, including field device diagnostics. A fieldbus can accomplish control algorithms within the fieldbus, thereby avoiding signal routing back to a PLC for every control operation. Standard industrial communication protocols are often used on control networks and fieldbus networks.

The single loop controller 1044 in this example is also connected to a modem 1016, for remote access to the single loop controller.

In addition to the supervisory level 1002 and field level 1004 control loops, the distributed control system 1000 may also include intermediate levels of control. For example, in the case of a distributed control system controlling a discrete part manufacturing facility, there could be an intermediate level supervisor for each cell within the plant. This intermediate level supervisor could encompass a manufacturing cell containing a machine controller that processes a part, and a robot controller that handles raw stock and final products. Additionally, the distributed control system could include several of these cells that manage field-level controllers under the main distributed control system supervisory control loop.

In various implementations, the distributed control system may include a corporate or enterprise layer, where an enterprise network 1080 may connect to the example production facility. The enterprise network 1080 may be, for example, located at a corporate office co-located with the facility, and connected to the control network 1018 in the supervisory level 1002. The enterprise network 1080 may provide engineers and managers with control and visibility into the facility. The enterprise network 1080 may further include Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) 1092, control systems for managing and monitoring work-in-process on a factory floor. An MES can track manufacturing information in real time, receiving up-to-the-minute data from robots, machine monitors and employees. The enterprise network 1080 may also include Management Information Systems (MIS) 1094, software and hardware applications that implement, for example, decision support systems, resource and people management applications, project management, and database retrieval applications, as well as basic business functions such as order entry and accounting. The enterprise network 1080 may further include Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems 1096, business process management software that allows an organization to use a system of integrated applications to manage the business and automate many back office functions related to technology, services, and human resources.

The enterprise network 1080 may further be connected to a WAN 1060. Through the WAN 1060, the enterprise network 1080 may connect to a distributed plant 1098, which may include control loops and supervisory functions similar to the illustrated facility, but which may be at a different geographic location. The WAN 1060 may also connect the enterprise network to the outside world 1090, that is, to the Internet and/or various private and public networks. In some cases, the WAN 1060 may itself include the Internet, so that the enterprise network 1080 accesses the distributed plant 1098 over the Internet.

As described above, SCADA systems and distributed control systems use Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) as the control components of an overall hierarchical system. PLCs can provide local management of processes through feedback control, as described above. In a SCADA implementation, a PLC can provide the same functionality as a Remote Terminal Unit. When used in a distributed control system, PLCs can be implemented as local controllers within a supervisory scheme. PLCs can have user-programmable memory for storing instructions, where the instructions implement specific functions such as I/O control, logic, timing, counting, proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, communication, arithmetic, and data and file processing.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a PLC 1132 implemented in a manufacturing control process. The PLC 1132 in this example monitors and controls various devices over fieldbus network 1130. The PLC 1132 may be connected to a LAN 1118. An engineering workstation 1112 may also be connected to the LAN 1118, and may include a programming interface that provides access to the PLC 1132. A data historian 1110 on the LAN 1118 may store data produced by the PLC 1132.

The PLC 1132 in this example may control a number of devices attached to its fieldbus network 1130. These devices may include actuators, such as a DC servo drive 1122, an AC drive 1124, a variable frequency drive 1134, and/or a light tower 1138. The PLC 1132 may also monitor sensors connected to the fieldbus network 1130, such as proximity sensors 1136, and/or a photo eye 1142. A human-machine interface 1108 may also be connected to the fieldbus network 1130, and may provide local monitoring and control of the PLC 1132.

Most industrial control systems were developed years ago, long before public and private networks, desktop computing, or the Internet were a common part of business operations. These well-established industrial control systems were designed to meet performance, reliability, safety, and flexibility requirements. In most cases, they were physically isolated from outside networks and based on proprietary hardware, software, and communication protocols that included basic error detection and correction capabilities, but lacked secure communication capabilities. While there was concern for reliability, maintainability, and availability when addressing statistical performance and failure, the need for cyber security measures within these systems was not anticipated. At the time, security for industrial control systems mean physically securing access to the network and the consoles that controlled the systems.

Internet-based technologies have since become part of modern industrial control systems. Widely available, low-cost IP devices have replaced proprietary solutions, which increases the possibility of cyber security vulnerabilities and incidents. Industrial control systems have adopted Internet-based solutions to promote corporate connectivity and remote access capabilities, and are being designed and implemented using industry standard computers, operating systems (OS) and network protocols. As a result, these systems may to resemble computer networks. This integration supports new networking capabilities, but provides less isolation for industrial control systems from the outside world than predecessor systems. Networked industrial control systems may be exposed to similar threats as are seen in computer networks, and an increased likelihood that an industrial control system can be compromised.

Industrial control system vendors have begun to open up their proprietary protocols and publish their protocol specifications to enable third-party manufacturers to build compatible accessories. Organizations are also transitioning from proprietary systems to less expensive, standardized technologies such as Microsoft Windows and Unix-like operating systems as well as common networking protocols such as TCP/IP to reduce costs and improve performance. Another standard contributing to this evolution of open systems is Open Platform Communications (OPC), a protocol that enables interaction between control systems and PC-based application programs. The transition to using these open protocol standards provides economic and technical benefits, but also increases the susceptibility of industrial control systems to cyber incidents. These standardized protocols and technologies have commonly known vulnerabilities, which are susceptible to sophisticated and effective exploitation tools that are widely available and relatively easy to use.

Industrial control systems and corporate networking systems are often interconnected as a result of several changes in information management practices, operational, and business needs. The demand for remote access has encouraged many organizations to establish connections to the industrial control system that enable of industrial control systems engineers and support personnel to monitor and control the system from points outside the control network. Many organizations have also added connections between corporate networks and industrial control systems networks to allow the organization's decision makers to obtain access to critical data about the status of their operational systems and to send instructions for the manufacture or distribution of product.

In early implementations this might have been done with custom applications software or via an OPC server/gateway, but, in the past ten years this has been accomplished with TCP/IP networking and standardized IP applications like File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or Extensible Markup Language (XML) data exchanges. Often, these connections were implemented without a full understanding of the corresponding security risks. In addition, corporate networks are often connected to strategic partner networks and to the Internet. Control systems also make more use of WANs and the Internet to transmit data to their remote or local stations and individual devices. This integration of control system networks with public and corporate networks increases the accessibility of control system vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities can expose all levels of the industrial control system network architecture to complexity-induced error, adversaries and a variety of cyber threats, including worms and other malware.

Many industrial control system vendors have delivered systems with dial-up modems that provide remote access to ease the burdens of maintenance for the technical field support personnel. Remote access can be accomplished, for example, using a telephone number, and sometimes an access control credential (e.g., valid ID, and/or a password). Remote access may provide support staff with administrative-level access to a system. Adversaries with war dialers—simple personal computer programs that dial consecutive phone numbers looking for modems—and password cracking software could gain access to systems through these remote access capabilities. Passwords used for remote access are often common to all implementations of a particular vendor's systems and may have not been changed by the end user. These types of connections can leave a system highly vulnerable because people entering systems through vendor-installed modems are may be granted high levels of system access.

Organizations often inadvertently leave access links such as dial-up modems open for remote diagnostics, maintenance, and monitoring. Also, control systems increasingly utilize wireless communications systems, which can be vulnerable. Access links not protected with authentication and/or encryption have the increased risk of adversaries using these unsecured connections to access remotely controlled systems. This could lead to an adversary compromising the integrity of the data in transit as well as the availability of the system, both of which can result in an impact to public and plant safety. Data encryption may be a solution, but may not be the appropriate solution in all cases.

Many of the interconnections between corporate networks and industrial control systems require the integration of systems with different communications standards. The result is often an infrastructure that is engineered to move data successfully between two unique systems. Because of the complexity of integrating disparate systems, control engineers often fail to address the added burden of accounting for security risks. Control engineers may have little training in security and often network security personnel are not involved in security design. As a result, access controls designed to protect control systems from unauthorized access through corporate networks may be minimal. Protocols, such as TCP/IP and others have characteristics that often go unchecked, and this may counter any security that can be done at the network or the application levels.

Public information regarding industrial control system design, maintenance, interconnection, and communication may be readily available over the Internet to support competition in product choices as well as to enable the use of open standards. Industrial control system vendors also sell toolkits to help develop software that implements the various standards used in industrial control system environments. There are also many former employees, vendors, contractors, and other end users of the same industrial control system equipment worldwide who have inside knowledge about the operation of control systems and processes.

Information and resources are available to potential adversaries and intruders of all calibers around the world. With the available information, it is quite possible for an individual with very little knowledge of control systems to gain unauthorized access to a control system with the use of automated attack and data mining tools and a factory-set default password. Many times, these default passwords are never changed.

IV. Similarity Engine

In various implementations, the systems and methods discussed above can be used to implement detection of potentially compromised devices by evaluating attributes of known compromised devices against attributes of other hosts in the network. In certain embodiments, compromised devices can be detected, attributes associated with the compromised devices can be identified, and attributes of other hosts in the network can be evaluated to detect hosts with similar attributes to the compromised devices (e.g., candidate items).

Attackers may carry out an attack on a network using multiple hosts. Examples of a host can include a domain controller, an active directory, a server, an end user, a network-connected device or machine, and other suitable devices. Using deception mechanisms, it is possible to identify hosts that are likely to have been compromised by an attacker. For example, deception mechanisms can be executed to analyze the compromised hosts to determine whether the attacker exploited a specific vulnerability or malware to carry out the attack. During an attack, an attacker may access files on different hosts; access a second host from a first host using multiple vulnerabilities; create or transfer files; deploy malware; perform file system changes; and access sensitive files or records. These activities may be captured using logging agents that create logs. In one embodiment, an attribute set can be constructed for the compromised hosts using data from these logs. In another embodiment, an attribute set may be defined by a user (e.g., network administrator) using an interface. This attribute set can be analyzed using the disclosed systems and methods to identify items (e.g., hosts, devices, servers, and other suitable devices) that share similar attributes to the attributes of a known compromised device. The similar items can be removed from the network as items that are likely or potentially to be compromised, or likely to become compromised, quarantined, and/or used as hosts for deception mechanisms.

In some embodiments, a deception mechanism can emulate one or more characteristics of a host on the network. For example, a deception mechanism can be a virtual host or a light-weight virtual host. A light-weight virtual host can include less memory and computing power than a virtual host. In some embodiments, a light-weight virtual host includes more limited functions than a virtual host. In some embodiments, a virtual host or a light-weight virtual host can be configured similarly to a host on a network. In other examples, a deception mechanism can be a deception sensor, which can project a deception mechanism onto the network. In other examples, a deception mechanism can be a computer security mechanism that detects, deflects, or, in some manner, counteract attempts at unauthorized use of information systems (e.g., a honeypot). In other examples, a deception mechanism can be as described in each of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 62/268,362, filed on Dec. 16, 2015, and 62/258,926, filed on Nov. 23, 2015, (e.g., a deception container, a deception interface, or a host mimicking a deception mechanism), the disclosures of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. In some embodiments, a deception container can include a host on the network that is nested inside of the deception container. The deception container can match the operating system of the host and intercept communications to the host. In some embodiments, a deception interface can include a separate system that acts as an interface to a host on the network. The deception interface can receive communications sent to the host and determine whether to forward the communications to the host. In some embodiments, a host on the network can mimic a deception mechanism in order to act as a deterrent to potential attacks of the host.

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. However, it will be apparent that various embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. The figures and description are not intended to be restrictive.

The ensuing description provides exemplary embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the exemplary embodiments will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing an exemplary embodiment. It should be understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

Specific details are given in the following description to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. For example, circuits, systems, networks, processes, and other components may be shown as components in block diagram form in order not to obscure the embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments.

Also, it is noted that individual embodiments may be described as a process which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process is terminated when its operations are completed, but could have additional steps not included in a figure. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination can correspond to a return of the function to the calling function or the main function.

The term “machine-readable storage medium” or “computer-readable storage medium” includes, but is not limited to, portable or non-portable storage devices, optical storage devices, and various other mediums capable of storing, containing, or carrying instruction(s) and/or data. A machine-readable storage medium or computer-readable storage medium may include a non-transitory medium in which data can be stored and that does not include carrier waves and/or transitory electronic signals propagating wirelessly or over wired connections. Examples of a non-transitory medium may include, but are not limited to, a magnetic disk or tape, optical storage media such as compact disk (CD) or digital versatile disk (DVD), flash memory, memory or memory devices. A computer-program product may include code and/or machine-executable instructions that may represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, etc.

Furthermore, embodiments may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware or microcode, the program code or code segments to perform the necessary tasks (e.g., a computer-program product) may be stored in a machine-readable medium. A processor(s) may perform the necessary tasks.

Systems depicted in some of the figures may be provided in various configurations. In some embodiments, the systems may be configured as a distributed system where one or more components of the system are distributed across one or more networks in a cloud computing system.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a network 1200 that can be installed at a physical site. The example network 1200 illustrates examples of various network devices and network hosts that can be included in a network. The network 1200 can include more or fewer network devices and/or network hosts, and/or can include network devices, additional networks, and/or systems not illustrated here. The network 1200 can be part of an enterprise network or a cloud network, as described further below. An enterprise network can also be a cloud network. Enterprise networks can include networks for a large site, such as a corporate office, a university campus, a hospital, a government office, or a similar entity. An enterprise network can include multiple physical sites. Access to an enterprise networks is typically restricted, and can require authorized users to enter a password or otherwise authenticate before using the network. A network such as illustrated by the example network 1200 can also be found at small sites, such as in a private home.

The network 1200 can be connected to an external network 1202. The external network 1202 can be a public network, such as the Internet, or a private network, such as a network that uses private IP addresses. A public network is a network that can be shared by any number of entities, including network devices illustrated in FIG. 12. A public network can have unrestricted access, such that any user can connect to it. The external network 1202 can include third-party telecommunication lines, such as phone lines, broadcast coaxial cable, fiber optic cables, satellite communications, cellular communications, and the like. The external network 1202 can include any number of intermediate network devices, such as switches, routers, gateways, servers, and/or controllers that are not directly part of the network 1200 but that facilitate communication between the network 1200 and other network-connected entities.

The network 1200 can be connected to the external network 1202 using a gateway device 1204. The gateway device 1204 can include a firewall or similar system for preventing unauthorized access while allowing authorized access to the network 1200. Examples of gateway devices include routers, modems (e.g. cable, fiber optic, dial-up, etc.), and the like.

The gateway device 1204 can be connected to a switch 1206 a. The switch 1206 a provides connectivity between various devices in the network 1200. The switch 1206 a can, such as for example in the example network 1200, connect the network to a gateway device 1204. A switch typically has multiple ports, and functions to direct packets received on one port to another port. In some implementations, the gateway device 1204 and the switch 1206 a can be combined into a single device.

Various servers can be connected to the switch 1206 a. For example, a server can include a print server 1208 connected to the switch 1206 a. The print server 1208 can provide network access to a number of printers 1210. Devices connected to the network 1200 can be configured to access any of the printers 1210 through the print server 1208. Other examples of production servers connected to the switch 1206 a include a file server 1212, database server 1214, and email server 1216. The file server 1212 can provide storage for and access to data. This data can be accessible to devices connected to the network 1200. The database server 1214 can store one or more databases, and provide services for accessing the databases. The email server 1216 can host an email program or service, and can also store email for users on the network 1200. As yet another example, a server rack 1218 can be connected to the switch 1206. The server rack 1218 can house one or more rack-mounted servers. The server rack 1218 can further provide one connection to the switch 1206 a, or can provide multiple connections to the switch 1206 a. The servers in the server rack 1218 can have various purposes, including providing computing resources, file storage, database storage and access, e-mail, or other purposes. While certain illustrative examples of production servers are described with respect to FIG. 12, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other production servers may be provided (e.g., an HTTP server, a web server, a video server, an audio or music server, or any other suitable server that provides content or services to devices and users of a network).

An additional switch 1206 b can also be connected to the switch 1206 a. The additional switch 1206 b can be provided to expand the capacity of the network. A switch typically has a limited number of ports (e.g., 8, 16, 32, 64 or more ports). In most cases, however, a switch can direct traffic to and from another switch, so that by connecting the additional switch 1206 b to the first switch 1206 a, the number of available ports can be expanded.

In this example, a server 1220 is connected to the additional switch 1206 b. The server 1220 can manage network access for a number of network devices or devices. For example, the server 1220 can provide network authentication, arbitration, prioritization, load balancing, and other management services as needed to manage multiple network devices accessing the network 1200. The server 1220 can be connected to a hub 1222. The hub 1222 can include multiple ports, each of which can provide a wired connection for a network or device. The hub 1222 is typically a simpler device than a switch, and can be used when connecting a small number of network devices together. In some cases, a switch can be substituted for the hub 1222. In this example, the hub 1222 connects desktop computers 1224 and laptop computers 1226 to the network 1200. Each of the desktop computers 1224 and laptop computers 1226 are typically connected to the hub 1222 using a physical cable.

In this example, the additional switch 1206 b is also connected to a wireless access point 1228. The wireless access point 1228 provides wireless access to the network for wireless-enabled network or devices. Examples of wireless-enabled network and devices include laptops 1230, tablets 1232, and smart phones 1234 or personal digital assistants (PDAs). In some implementations, the wireless access point 1228 can also provide switching and/or routing functionality.

The example of FIG. 12 further illustrates examples of potential threats to the network 1200. A first example is an unauthorized access 1250. An unauthorized access 1250 can take the form of attempts to bypass deception and/or authentication mechanisms at the gateway device 1204. For example, an outside entity can attempt to determine passwords or deception codes that would allow the outside entity to enter the network. Unauthorized access 1250 can also occur at a device that is legitimately connected to the network 1200. For example, an unauthorized user can attempt to authenticate as an authorized user (e.g., by determining the authorized user's password).

A second example of a potential network threat is malicious software 1252. Malicious software can include viruses, worms, Trojan horses, ransomware, spyware, adware, scareware, and other malware type software programs. Malicious software 1252 can take the form of executable code, scripts, active content, and other software. Malicious software 1252 can enter the network as benign data (e.g., as data attached to email or some other file that enters the network 1200 legitimately), and/or can be deliberately placed in the network 1200 by an outside entity. Malicious software 1252 can affect only particular network devices, or can spread and affect all devices in the network.

A third example of a potential network threat is unauthorized data copying 1254. Unauthorized data copying 1254 can involve copying of data (e.g., from a file server 1212 or email server 1216) by an outside entity and unauthorized entity. Unauthorized data copying 1254 can also occur when a user that is otherwise authorized to use the network 1200 attempts to copy data that the user is not authorized to access.

A fourth example of a potential threat to is unauthorized access or use 1256 by a user that is authorized to use the network 1200. A legitimate user of the network 1200 can exceed his or her use by, for example, attempting to log in to a server, accessing files, violating a use or security policy, and/or using network resources, each of which the user is not authorized to use or access.

FIG. 13 illustrates an example of a system 1300 for identifying similar hosts. System 1300 includes a plurality of hosts 1304 a-n on a network 1302, a logging agent 1305, a database 1306, and a similarity engine 1308. The plurality of hosts 1304 a-n may include a query item (e.g., a compromised host or population centroid of a plurality of compromised hosts), as well as one or more candidate items to be compared to the query item. Although illustrated as having three hosts 1304 a-n on network 1302, it is contemplated that any number n of hosts may be present on network 1302. Further, although illustrated as existing outside of network 1302, it is contemplated that logging agent 1305, database 1306, and/or similarity engine 1308 may also reside on network 1302.

In this embodiment, each host 1304 a-n is in communication with a logging agent 1305. In one embodiment, logging agent 1305 is in a scanner (not shown), and all of the data collected by the scanner is stored in a database. Logging agent 1305 monitors hosts 1304 a-n and create logs of collected data from hosts 1304 a-n that are stored in database 1306. The collected data may include any data regarding hosts 1304 a-n, such as attribute data. Attribute data may include machine data, vulnerability data, malware data, authentication data, file system changes, and/or intrusion detection data, as described further herein. As described further below, the attribute data can represent the attributes associated with a particular host. Further, the attribute data for a query item can be compared against the attribute data for one or more candidate items to identify potentially compromised devices.

Attribute data collected by logging agent 1305 and stored in database 1306 may be provided to similarity engine 1308. Similarity engine 1308 analyzes the attribute data of a query item of hosts 1304 a-n and compares it to the attribute data of one or more candidate items of hosts 1304 a-n to identify whether the attribute data of the query item is similar to the attribute data of the one or more candidate items, as described further herein.

Although illustrated as being separate from hosts 1304 a-n, it is contemplated that a logging agent can instead be present internally on each host 1304 a-n. Further, although a single logging agent 1305 is illustrated, it is contemplated that multiple similar or different logging agents can be present externally from or internally on each host 1304 a-n. An example of one such embodiment is described with respect to FIG. 14.

FIG. 14 illustrates an example of a host 1404 n in a system 1400 for identifying similar hosts. Host 1404 n may be similar to any or all of hosts 1304 a-n of FIG. 13. Host 1404 n is in communication with logging agents 1405 a-f. Logging agents 1405 a-f may be similar to logging agent 1305 of FIG. 13. In some examples, each logging agent can correspond to a particular attribute that is identifiable from a query item.

Host 1404 n provides a plurality of attribute data 1410 a-f relating to host 1404 n to logging agents 1405 a-f. For example, host 1404 n may provide machine data to machine data logging agent 1405 a; vulnerability data to vulnerability data logging agent 1405 b; malware data to malware data logging agent 1405 c; authentication data to authentication data logging agent 1405 d; file system change data to file system changes logging agent 1405 e; and/or intrusion detection data to intrusion detection logging agent 1405 f. Although shown and described as having six types of logging agents 1405 a-f for six types of data, it is contemplated that any number of types and combinations of attribute data may be provided by host 1404 n to any number of types and combinations of logging agents, including additional types of attribute data and/or logging agents that are not shown. Further, it is contemplated that the logging agents 1405 a-f may be combined into fewer or broken down into a greater number of logging agents. Although illustrated as being separate from host 1404 n, it is contemplated that logging agents 1405 a-f can instead be present internally on host 1404 n.

Machine data provided to machine data logging agent 1405 a can include information associated with host 1404 n. Examples of machine data include a category of the host, a type of operating system of the host, a city in which the host is located, a country in which the host is located, a domain name system (DNS) for the host, an IP address of the host, a latitude in which the host is located, a longitude in which the host is located, a media access control (MAC) address of the host, a windows host name of the host (e.g., nt_host), a name of the user who owns or uses the host, a host name associated with the host, and a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) domain of the host. Examples of a category of a host can include a domain controller, an active directory, a machine, a server host, and an end-user host.

Vulnerability data provided to vulnerability data logging agent 1405 b can include information associated with detected vulnerabilities of host 1404 n. Exemplary types of vulnerability data include a category of a detected vulnerability and a severity of a detected vulnerability. Examples of attributes within a category of a detected vulnerability can include DOS and hardware. Examples of attributes within severity of a detected vulnerability can include critical, high and informational.

For example, the following attribute values could represent the number of times the following vulnerability attributes were detected on host 1404 n.

Vulnerability Attribute Attribute Value DOS 12 Hardware 4 Critical 8 High 3 Informational 5 Thus, the vulnerability data of host n 1404 n could be represented as:

DOS Hardware Critical High Informational Host n 12 4 8 3 5

Malware data provided to malware data logging agent 1405 c can include information associated with detected malware on host 1404 n. Examples of malware data include a signature (i.e., a name of the malware infection detected) and an action (i.e., an action taken by the host in response to the malware). Examples of signatures can include key logger and LeakTest. Examples of actions can include allowed, blocked, and deferred.

For example, the following attribute values could represent the number of times the following malware attributes were detected on host 1404 n.

Malware Attribute Attribute Value Allowed 12 Blocked 4 Deferred 8 Key Logger 18 LeakTest 6 Thus, the malware data of host n 1404 n could be represented as:

Allowed Blocked Deferred Key Logger LeakTest Host n 12 4 8 18 6

Authentication data provided to authentication data logging agent 1405 d can include information regarding log-in and log-out activities involving host 1404 n. Examples of authentication data include an action (i.e., the action performed on the resource on the host), app (i.e., the application involved in the activity), src (i.e., the source host involved in the authentication), and dest (i.e., the destination host involved in the authentication). Examples of actions can include success, failure and unknown. Examples of apps include ssh and splunk.

For example, the following attribute values could represent the number of times the following authentication attributes were detected on host 1404 n.

Authentication Attribute Attribute Value Success 5 Failure 6 Unknown 4 Ssh 10 Splunk 5 Thus, the authentication data of host 1404 n could be represented as:

Success Failure Unknown Ssh Splunk Host n 5 6 4 10 5

File system changes provided to file system changes logging agent 1405 e can include information associated with file system changes on host 1404 n. Examples of file system changes can include actions and change types. Examples of actions can include created, read, modified, and deleted. Examples of change types can include filesystem and AAA.

For example, the following attribute values could represent the number of times the following file system change attributes were detected on host 1404 n.

File System Change Attribute Attribute Value Created 5 Read 6 Modified 3 Deleted 8 filesystem 17 AAA 5 Thus, the file system change data of host 1404 n could be represented as:

file- Created Read Modified Deleted system AAA Host n 5 6 3 8 17 5

Intrusion detection data provided to intrusion detection logging agent 1405 f can include information associated with detected attacks on host 1404 n. Intrusion detection data may be gathered by one or more applications on host 1404 n, or may be gathered by other network monitoring devices. Examples of intrusion detection data can include intrusion detection system type (i.e., the type of intrusion detection system that generated the event) and severity. Examples of intrusion detection system types can include network, host and application. Examples of severity include critical, high, medium and low.

For example, the following attribute values could represent the number of times the following intrusion detection attributes were detected on host 1404 n.

Intrusion Detection Attribute Attribute Value Network 12 Host 4 Application 8 Critical 8 High 7 Medium 5 Low 4 Thus, the intrusion detection data of host 1404 n could be represented as:

Appli- Network Host cation Critical High Medium Low Host n 12 4 8 8 7 5 4

As described further herein, the attribute data including host data, vulnerability data, malware data, authentication data, file system changes, and intrusion detection data is collected by logging agents 1405 a-f. Logging agents 1405 a-f store the attribute data in a database 1406. The database 1406 can be accessed by the similarity engine (not shown) to obtain attribute values 1407.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a similarity engine 1508 in a system 1500 for identifying a similar item 1514. Similarity engine 1508 may be similar to similarity engine 1308 of FIG. 13. Similarity engine 1508 receives attribute values 1507. Attribute values 1507 may be similar to attribute values 1407 of FIG. 14. Similarity engine 1508 outputs similar items 1514 a and/or non-similar items 1514 b. For example, similar items 1514 a can correspond to one or more candidate items that are potentially compromised devices, and non-similar items 1514 b can correspond to one or more items that are not potentially compromised devices. In this example, the similar items 1514 a may include devices that share similar attributes with a known compromised device, and the non-similar items 1514 b may include devices that do not share attributes with the known compromised device.

Similarity engine 1508 includes a plurality of engines 1512 a-g for determining the similar items 1514 a. The engines include a query item selection engine 1512 a, an attribute selection engine 1512 b, an attribute weight engine 1512 c, a candidate item selection engine 1512 d, an attribute vector creation engine 1512 e, an attribute vector comparison engine 1512 f, and a similar item identification engine 1512 g. Although shown and described as having seven engines 1512 a-g, it is contemplated that any number and combination of engines may be provided by similarity engine 1508, including additional engines performing additional functions that are not shown. It is contemplated that engines 1512 a-g may be implemented on one or multiple servers associated with similarity engine 1508. Further, it is contemplated that some or all of the data needed to perform the functions of engines 1512 a-g may be provided or determined automatically by similarity engine 1508, or may be specified by a user. For example, an interface can be configured to receive input corresponding to user feedback, which may be used to update one or more weights stored in attribute weight engine 1512 c.

Query item selection engine 1512 a is configured to determine a query item from which to compare candidate items to determine if they are similar. The query item is associated with a compromised host of a plurality of hosts. In one embodiment, the query item may be a known compromised host. In another embodiment, the query item may not be a particular host, but may be an item defined by a set of attributes associated with one or more compromised hosts. In still another embodiment, the query item may be a population centroid of a plurality of compromised hosts. A process for determining a population centroid of a plurality of compromised hosts is described further herein with reference to FIG. 17.

Attribute selection engine 1512 b is configured to select one or more attributes associated with the query item for comparison to attributes of candidate items to determine whether any similarities exist. Any or all of the attributes of the query item may be selected for comparison. In the embodiment in which the query item is associated with more than one compromised host, the selected attributes may be common attributes across multiple or all compromised hosts. For example, if a majority of compromised hosts of a population centroid were running an application that detected a critical intrusion, the “application” and “critical” attributes of the intrusion detection data (e.g., intrusion detection data described with respect to FIG. 14) may be selected for comparison. In some embodiments, attribute selection engine 1512 b selects attributes based on domain knowledge. Attribute selection engine 1512 b may update or change the selected attributes for future iterations as similar items are characterized and confirmed.

Attribute weight engine 1512 c is configured to assign initial attribute weights to the one or more attributes, and to update the attribute weights for future iterations as similar items are characterized and confirmed. In some cases, weights can be assigned to attributes of the attribute data to represent the importance of the attribute in a similarity determination by the similarity engine 1508. For example, an attribute associated with a greater weight may be more important to the determination of whether an item is potentially compromised than an attribute associated with a lower weight. In some cases, the weight associated with an attribute can represent the severity of a threat to the network if the attribute has a defined value or value range. As a non-limiting example, malware data generated by logging agent 1505 c may indicate a high likelihood of a potentially compromised device. In this non-limiting example, the malware data attribute may be assigned a greater weight than other attributes to represent a higher likelihood of a candidate item being potentially compromised if malware is detected at the candidate item. The attribute weights assigned may be any value (e.g., between 0 and 1, between 0 and 100, etc.). In some embodiments, attribute weight engine 1512 c assigns attribute weights equally, and updates the attribute weights after similar items are determined. In some embodiments, attribute weight engine 1512 c assigns attribute weights based on domain knowledge. For example, if the selected attributes include both an operating system type (e.g., in machine data described with respect to FIG. 14) and a deleted file in the file system (e.g., in file system changes), it may be determined that the “deleted” attribute of the file system change data is more significant than the “OS” attribute of the machine data. This may be, for example, because the operating system type may not be as critical to the attack, because the same deleted file attack has occurred across multiple different operating systems, etc. Thus, in this example, the “deleted” attribute may be assigned a weight (e.g., 0.75) that is higher than the weight assigned to the “OS” attribute (e.g., 0.25).

Attribute weight engine 1512 c is configured to weight the received attribute values 1507 (for both a query item and candidates items) according to their assigned weights, i.e., by multiplying the attribute value by its associated attribute weight. Attribute weight engine 1512 c is also configured to update the attribute weights for future comparisons of the query item to candidate items, as similar items are characterized and confirmed (e.g., through feedback). This embodiment is described further with respect to FIG. 21. In some examples, attribute weight engine 1512 c can be configured to receive input corresponding to user feedback (e.g., via an interface). Attribute weight engine 1512 c can update one or more weights based on the user feedback. As a non-limiting example, if attribute weight engine 1512 c receives input corresponding to user feedback indicating that file systems changes have not recently been involved in threats to the network, attribute weight engine 1512 c may update the weight of the attribute for file system changes to a lower weight. In some examples, weights can be automatically updated based on detected compromised devices over time. In some examples, machine-learning techniques may be used to determine which attributes are increasingly involved in detected threats to the network, and as a result, the weights for these attributes may be updated automatically.

Candidate item selection engine 1512 d is configured to select one or more candidate items (e.g., hosts on a network) with which to compare the determined query item. The candidate items may include all of the hosts on a network, a subset of hosts on the network, or a single host on the network. A subset of hosts may be selected as candidate items randomly or by using domain knowledge. For example, a subset of hosts may be selected as candidate items based on their colocation with the query item within the network.

Attribute vector creation engine 1512 e is configured to construct attribute vectors for the one or more selected attributes using the attribute values 1507. Attribute vector creation engine 1512 e constructs the vectors for both the query item and the one or more candidate items. For example, if the “success”, “failure”, “unknown”, “ssh”, and “splunk” attributes of authentication data described with respect to FIG. 14 are selected, an attribute vector, U, may be created as follows:

U={u ₂ ,u ₃ ,u ₄ ,u ₅ }={u _(success) ,u _(failure) ,u _(unknown) ,u _(ssh) ,u _(splunk)}

By assigning each of these attributes the exemplary attribute values discussed above with respect to FIG. 14, the following vector would result:

U={5,6,4,10,5}

The creation of attribute vectors is described further herein with reference to FIG. 19.

Attribute vector creation engine 1512 e may further be configured to normalize the attribute vector to remove the bias from high or low attribute values. In one embodiment, this is accomplished by converting the values in the vector to values between 0 and 1. In one example, the values may be converted to a scale between 0 and 1 by dividing each attribute value by the total number of logged events for a given attribute type. For the authentication attribute type in the example above, 15 authentication events were logged (i.e., 5 successes, 6 failures, and 4 unknowns; 10 involving the “ssh” application, and 5 involving the “splunk” application). Thus, the normalized attribute vector would be as follows:

U={(5÷15),(6÷15),(4÷15),(10÷15),(5÷15)}={0.33,0.4,0.27,0.67,0.33}

In one embodiment, individual attribute values of this vector would further be weighted by attribute weight engine 1512 c before being compared by attribute vector comparison engine 1512 f.

Attribute vector comparison engine 1512 f is configured to determine a distance between the attribute vector of a query item and a random vector (“query item distance”), to determine a distance between the attribute vector or one or more candidate items and the random vector (“candidate item distance”), and to determine a distance between the query item distance and the candidate item distance (“comparison value”). In one embodiment, a hash function is applied to the attribute vectors to determine Euclidian distances between those vectors and the random vector. The random vector may be of the same dimension as the attribute vectors. The random vector may be generated by any random number generating technique, such as an RNG (random number generator). For example, if an attribute vector has five elements, then the corresponding random vector will also have five elements. In this example, an element in the random vector can include a randomly-generated number generated using a general algorithm. In one embodiment, the query item distance is compared to each candidate item distance to generate a comparison value.

In another embodiment, the hash function computation is performed on many or all of the candidate items to generate their candidate item distances, before comparing them to the query item distance. The candidate item distances are used to create buckets of candidate items based on their candidate item distances as compared to the query item distance. The individual candidate item distances of the candidate items in the bucket closest to the query item distance can be compared to the query item distance to generate comparison values. This embodiment is described further herein with respect to FIG. 20.

Similar item identification engine 1512 g is configured to determine whether the comparison values are within a threshold value. If they are within a threshold value, those candidate items may be characterized as similar items 1514 a to the query item. Other candidate items not within the threshold value may be characterized as non-similar items 1514 b. The threshold value may be selected randomly or based on domain knowledge. Once similar items 1514 a are identified, one or more can be used as a host for deception mechanisms, can be taken off the network as being likely compromised or likely to become compromised, or can be quarantined.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a process for identifying similar hosts in a network. The steps of FIG. 16 may be implemented by the various engines 1512 a-g similarity engine 1508 of FIG. 15, for example. At step 1620, a query item is determined. This step may be implemented by query item selection engine 1512 a of FIG. 15, for example, and may be as described above with reference to FIG. 15. For example, a query item may correspond to one or more known compromised devices in a network.

At step 1625, an attribute associated with the query item is selected. This step may be implemented by attribute selection engine 1512 b of FIG. 15, for example, and may be as described above with reference to FIG. 15. Selecting an attribute may be performed automatically or may be based on input received from a user at an interface.

At step 1630, a query attribute value associated with the attribute and the query item is identified. The query attribute value may be received from a logging agent associated with the query item, such as, for example, logging agents 1305 of FIG. 13 and/or logging agents 1405 a-f of FIG. 14. The logging agent may provide a query attribute value for a particular attribute when the query item is a compromised host. However, if the query item is a population centroid of a plurality of compromised hosts (as described further herein with respect to FIG. 17), any number of logging agents may provide query attribute values for the particular attribute from the plurality of compromised hosts. These query attribute values for the particular attribute may then be combined according to any method (e.g., mean, median, mode, etc.) to determine the query attribute value to be used for the population centroid.

At step 1635, a first distance between the query attribute value and a random value is determined. This distance may be the difference between the query attribute value and the random value. In one embodiment, this distance is the “query item distance” formulated by the attribute vector comparison engine 1512 f of FIG. 15 described above. As a non-limiting example, the query attribute value can be computed by calculating an absolute value of the query vector, and the random value can be computed by calculating an absolute value of the random vector.

At step 1640, a candidate item is identified. This step may be implemented by candidate item selection engine 1512 d of FIG. 15, for example, and may be as described above with reference to FIG. 15.

At step 1645, a candidate attribute value associated with the attribute and the candidate item is identified. The candidate attribute value corresponds to the same attribute that was selected at step 1625. The candidate attribute value may be received from a logging agent associated with the candidate item, such as, for example, one or more of logging agents 1306 a-n of FIG. 13 and logging agent 1406 n of FIG. 14.

At step 1650, a second distance between the candidate attribute value and the random value is determined. This distance may be the difference between the candidate attribute value and the random value. The random value is the same random value that was compared to the query attribute value at step 1635. In one embodiment, this distance is the “candidate item distance” formulated by the attribute vector comparison engine 1512 f of FIG. 15 described above.

At step 1653, a third distance between the first distance and the second distance is determined. This distance may be the difference between the query item distance and the candidate item distance. In one embodiment, this distance is the “comparison value” formulated by the attribute vector comparison engine 1512 f of FIG. 15 described above.

In scenarios where there is a large number of candidate items and a large number of query items, comparing each candidate item against each query item can be burdensome on processing resources. For example, n candidate items compared against n query items may correspond to n² number of calculations. Accordingly, in some implementations, a hash function (e.g., locality-sensitive hashing or other suitable hash function) can be implemented to generate buckets of candidate items or query items. A bucket can correspond to a subset of all candidate items or query items. In some examples, each bucket can correspond to a range of values. For instance, a first bucket can correspond to a first range of values, a second bucket can correspond to a second range of values, and so on. The hash function can be performed on the query item vector to generate a hash value, and that hash value can be compared against the ranges of values for the various buckets. If the hash value is within a range associated with a particular bucket, the query item can be compared against only the candidate items within the particular bucket. Advantageously, the load experienced at processing resources is significantly reduced because only the candidate items within the particular bucket are compared against a query item. Further, within a particular bucket, candidate items can be ranked according to the severity of the threat posed.

At step 1655, it is determined whether the third distance is within a threshold. This step may be implemented by similar item identification engine 1512 g of FIG. 15, for example, and may be as described above with reference to FIG. 15. If the third distance is within the threshold, the candidate item is characterized as a similar item 1614 a, and a next candidate item is identified at step 1640. If the third distance is not within the threshold, the candidate item is characterized as a non-similar item 1614 b, and a next candidate item is identified at step 1640. The process may repeat until all of the candidate items (or all of the candidate items within a bucket, as described above) have been compared to the query item.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a process for determining a population centroid 1735. The population centroid 1735 may be used as a query item in any of the systems and processes described herein, and may represent a plurality of compromised hosts. At step 1710, a population of hosts is identified. The population of hosts may be, for example, all or a subset of hosts on a network.

At step 1715, a population of compromised hosts from the population of hosts is identified. The compromised hosts within the population of hosts may be, for example, identified by one or more network security applications, intrusion detection systems, or deception mechanisms (e.g., honeypots) deployed in the network.

At step 1720, the population of compromised hosts is clustered into k clusters using centroid-based clustering of their attribute values, where k is a number of clusters that may be specified in advance. Each cluster includes compromised hosts that are similar. The k clusters include k cluster centroids (i.e., each cluster has a cluster centroid). The compromised hosts are assigned to the nearest cluster centroid.

At step 1725, k cluster quality parameters are computed. The cluster quality parameters are computed as a ratio of compromised hosts within the cluster scatter to compromised hosts between the cluster scatter for each of k clusters. At step 1730, a weighted sum of k cluster centroids is computed. The weighted sum is computed using the k cluster quality parameters. This weighted sum corresponds to the population centroid 1735. The population centroid 1735 may be used as a query item in any of the embodiments described further herein.

FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a process for constructing attribute vectors according to some embodiments. A query item 1816 was previously selected as described herein. At step 1820, attributes associated with the query item are selected. This step may be implemented by attribute selection engine 1512 b of FIG. 15, for example, and may be as described above with reference to FIG. 15.

At step 1825, attribute values 1807 are received from one or more logging agents, such as, for example, logging agent 1305 and/or logging agents 1405 a-f, and the attribute values are weighted using attribute weights 1855. Attribute weights 1855 may be assigned and/or updated by, for example, attribute weight engine 1512 c of FIG. 15, as described further herein.

At step 1830, attribute vectors are constructed for the query item 1816 and one or more candidate items 1818 x. The candidate items may have been previously identified, for example, by candidate item selection engine 1512 d of FIG. 15. The attribute vectors may be created by attribute vector creation engine 1512 e, as described with respect to FIG. 15.

At step 1835, the attribute vectors are normalized to remove the bias from high or low attribute values. In one embodiment, this is accomplished by converting the values in the vector to values between 0 and 1. In one example, the values may be converted to a scale between 0 and 1 by dividing each attribute value by the total number of logged events for a given attribute type, as described further herein with respect to FIG. 15. This produces a query item attribute vector 1807 a and candidate item attribute vectors 1807 x.

FIG. 19 illustrates an example of a query item 1916 with attributes being compared to candidate items 1918 a-x with attributes. Query item 1916 and candidate items 1918 a-x are illustrated as having four types of attributes: A (e.g., machine data), M (e.g., malware data), U (e.g., authentication data), and V (e.g., vulnerability data). Although illustrated as having four types of attributes, it is contemplated that query item 1916 and candidate items 1918 a-x may have any number or combination of attribute types.

Each attribute type A, M, U, V has attributes. For example, attribute type U (e.g., authentication data) has attributes u₁, u₂, . . . , u_(l). These attributes may include, for example, a successful authentication activity, a failed authentication activity, an unknown authentication activity, an ssh application activity, and a splunk application activity. Each of these attributes has corresponding attribute values. For example, query item 1916 may have attribute values such as 5, 6, 4, 10, and 5, respectively. These attribute values may be used to formulate a vector of authentication attributes for query item 1916, such as:

U _(q) ={u ₁ u ₂ , . . . ,u _(l)}={5,6,4,10,5}

Candidate items 1918 a-x have the same attributes u₁, u₂, with corresponding attribute values. For example, candidate item 1918 a may have attribute values such as 8, 3, 2, 4, and 9 respectively. These attribute values may be used to formulate a vector of authentication attributes for candidate item 1918 a, such as:

U _(ca) ={u ₁ ,u ₂ , . . . ,u _(l)}={8,3,2,4,9}

Candidate item 1918 x may have attribute values such as 5, 2, 3, 9, and 1, respectively. These attribute values may be used to formulate a vector of authentication attributes for candidate item 1918 x, such as:

U _(cx) ={u ₁ ,u ₂ , . . . ,u _(l)}={5,2,3,9,1}

Once these vectors have been created, they may be normalized by converting the values in the vector to values between 0 and 1. In one example, the values may be converted to a scale between 0 and 1 by dividing each attribute value by the total number of logged events for a given attribute type. For U_(q), fifteen authentication events were logged (i.e., 5 successes, 6 failures, and 4 unknowns; 10 involving the “ssh” application, and 5 involving the “splunk” application). Thus, the normalized attribute vector would be as follows:

U _(q)={(5÷15),(6÷15),(4÷15),(10÷15),(5÷15)}={0.33,0.4,0.27,0.67,0.33}

For U_(ca), thirteen authentication events were logged (i.e., 8 successes, 3 failures, and 2 unknowns; 4 involving the “ssh” application, and 9 involving the “splunk” application). Thus, the normalized attribute vector would be as follows:

U _(ca)={(8÷13),(3÷13),(2÷13),(4÷13),(9÷13)}={0.62,0.23,0.15,0.31,0.69}

For U_(cx), ten authentication events were logged (i.e., 5 successes, 2 failures, and 3 unknowns; 9 involving the “ssh” application, and 1 involving the “splunk” application). Thus, the normalized attribute vector would be as follows:

U _(cx)={(5÷10),(2÷10),(3÷10),(9÷10),(1÷10)}={0.5,0.2,0.3,0.9,0.1}

In one embodiment, the attributes are then weighted, as described further herein. Once the attribute vectors are known, a query item distance may be calculated between U_(q) and a random vector. A first candidate item distance can be calculated between U_(ca) and the random vector, and a second candidate item distance can be calculated between U_(cx) and the random vector. The query item distance can be compared to the first candidate item distance to generate a first comparison value for candidate item 1918 a. The query item distance can be compared to the second candidate item distance to generate a second comparison value for candidate item 1918 x.

It can then be determined whether the first comparison value and the second comparison value are within a threshold value. If the first comparison value is within a threshold value, candidate item 1918 a may be characterized as a similar item to query item 1916. If not, candidate item 1918 a may be characterized as a non-similar item to query item 1916. If the second comparison value is within a threshold value, candidate item 1918 x may be characterized as a similar item to query item 1916. If not, candidate item 1918 x may be characterized as a non-similar item to query item 1916. This process is described further herein with respect to FIG. 15. Once similar items are identified, they can be used as hosts for one or more deception mechanisms, can be taken off the network as being likely compromised or likely to become compromised, or can be quarantined.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a process for comparing a query item to candidate items to determine similar items 2040 a. At step 2010, a random vector, y, is generated. A query item attribute vector 2007 a that was previously generated according to the systems and processes described herein is used to calculate a query item Euclidian distance between the query item attribute vector 2007 a and the random vector, y, by applying a hash function h1 at step 2015 a. A plurality of candidate item attribute vectors 2007 x that were previously generated according to the systems and processed described herein are used to calculate candidate item Euclidian distances between each candidate item attribute vector 2007 x and the random vector, y, by applying a hash function h2 at step 2015 x.

At step 2020, locality sensitive hashing is applied to the candidate item Euclidian distances to create indexed candidate items 2025 x. The hash functions h2 of the indexed candidate items 2025 x are then compared to the hash function h1 of the query item to create buckets of indexed candidate items at step 2030 based on their candidate item Euclidian distances. The candidate item Euclidian distances in the bucket closest to the query item Euclidian distance can be selected, and used to calculate comparison Euclidian distances between the query item Euclidian distance and each candidate item Euclidian distance. If the comparison Euclidian distances are within a threshold value, the associated candidate items are characterized as similar items 2040 a to the query item. If the comparison Euclidian distances are not within a threshold value, the associated candidate items are characterized as non-similar items 2040 b to the query item.

FIG. 21 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a process for updating attribute weights 2155 using feedback on identified similar items 2140 a and non-similar items 2140 b. Similar items 2140 a may comprise similar items 1514 a of FIG. 15, similar item 1614 a of FIG. 16, and/or similar items 2040 a of FIG. 20, for example. Non-similar items 2140 b may comprise non-similar items 1514 b of FIG. 15, non-similar item 1614 b of FIG. 16, and/or non-similar items 2040 b of FIG. 20, for example. Attribute weights 2155 may comprise attribute weights 1855 of FIG. 18, for example.

At step 2145, similar items 2140 a and non-similar items 2140 b are provided and feedback is received regarding their similarity or non-similarity to the query item. Similar items 2140 a and non-similar items 2140 b may be identified according to any of the systems and processed described herein. In one embodiment, the feedback may be provided by a user, such as a network analyst. In another embodiment, the feedback may be provided by the systems described herein based on whether a similar item 2140 a was indeed compromised or became compromised. The feedback may be a confirmation that one or more of the similar items 2140 a are indeed similar to the query item, and/or that one or more of the non-similar items 2140 b are indeed not similar to the query item. The feedback may also include an assertion that one or more of the similar items 2140 a are not similar to the query item and/or that one or more of the non-similar items 2140 b are indeed similar to the query item (e.g., a reversal).

A similarity value for a confirmed or reversed similar item or non-similar item as compared to the query item may be generated using the feedback. The similarity value may be the inverse of the comparison value as described with respect to FIG. 15 (or the third value as described with respect to FIG. 16). In other words, the similarity value is a numeric value between 0 and 1 that is computed by subtracting the comparison value (i.e., the third value) from 1. The similarity value may be used to optimize the attribute weights. At step 2150, optimization techniques are applied to update the attribute weights used to calculate the attribute vectors for the query item and the candidate items. The optimization techniques may include the Steepest Gradient method and/or the Newton Rapson method.

For example, a query item may have a “delete” file system change attribute and a “Unix” operating system attribute; a confirmed similar item may have a “delete” file system change attribute and a “Windows” operating system attribute, while a reversed similar item may not have a “delete” file system change attribute and a “Unix” operating system attribute. The attribute weights may be optimized to give greater weight to the “delete” file system change attribute and less weight to the “Unix” operating system attribute. For example, if the initial assigned attribute weights were 0.5 or 50% each, the “delete” file system change attribute may have an optimized attribute weight of 0.9 or 90%, while the “Unix” operating system attribute may have an optimized attribute weight of 0.1 or 10%. The updated attribute weights 2155 may be used in future iterations of the systems and methods described herein as attribute weights 1855 of FIG. 18, for example.

The systems and methods described herein may be deployed in a cloud-based network, and/or in an on-site, enterprise network. FIG. 22 illustrates an example of a cloud network 2200. When implemented as a cloud network 2200, the systems described can be used to monitor and collected data from hosts on multiple networks and located at multiple sites.

The cloud network 2200 may include a controller 2220, which may be coupled to a memory 2210, an application repository 2230, and a storage 2240 storing cloud data 2245. The controller 2220 may include any electronic device, such as a processor, capable of executing computer instructions. For example, the controller 2220 may load an operating system into memory 2210 to interact with the application repository 2230 and the storage 2240. In another example, the controller 2220 may process instructions or fetch data from the storage 2240.

The application repository 2230 may store engines of the similarity engine described herein, such as the query item selection engine, the attribute selection engine, the attribute weight engine, the candidate item selection engine, the attribute vector creation engine, the attribute vector comparison engine, and the similar item identification engine.

Storage 2240 may represent any suitable storage device(s), and may include a database for storing cloud data 2245. The cloud data 2245 may include attribute data, such as the machine data, vulnerability data, malware data, authentication data, file system changes, and/or intrusion detection data discussed herein.

The controller 2220 may be capable of executing instructions to load applications from the application repository 2230 into the memory 2210. The controller 2220 may then, for example, execute instructions to identify similar items to a query item using the similarity engine.

The systems and methods described herein may also be deployed in a hybrid network. In a hybrid network, part of an enterprise network is located local to the network's owner and/or users, and part of the enterprise network may be in the cloud. The cloud portion of the hybrid network may be implemented according to the example of FIG. 22. In a hybrid network, data may be collected from both local systems and systems provided by the cloud.

Further, the systems described herein may be implemented as a physical or a virtual appliance. The functions of the system described herein may be implemented on a single piece of hardware or on multiple pieces of hardware, each handling a different function or all of the functions described herein for a monitored network or portion of a monitored network.

Specific details were given in the preceding description to provide a thorough understanding of various implementations of systems and components for network threat detection and analysis. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, however, that the implementations described above may be practiced without these specific details. For example, circuits, systems, networks, processes, and other components may be shown as components in block diagram form in order not to obscure the embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments.

It is also noted that individual implementations may be described as a process which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process is terminated when its operations are completed, but could have additional steps not included in a figure. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination can correspond to a return of the function to the calling function or the main function.

The term “computer-readable medium” includes, but is not limited to, portable or non-portable storage devices, optical storage devices, and various other mediums capable of storing, containing, or carrying instruction(s) and/or data. A computer-readable medium may include a non-transitory medium in which data can be stored and that does not include carrier waves and/or transitory electronic signals propagating wirelessly or over wired connections. Examples of a non-transitory medium may include, but are not limited to, a magnetic disk or tape, optical storage media such as compact disk (CD) or digital versatile disk (DVD), flash memory, memory or memory devices. A computer-readable medium may have stored thereon code and/or machine-executable instructions that may represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, or the like.

The various examples discussed above may further be implemented by hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware or microcode, the program code or code segments to perform the necessary tasks (e.g., a computer-program product) may be stored in a computer-readable or machine-readable medium. A processor(s), implemented in an integrated circuit, may perform the necessary tasks.

Where components are described as being “configured to” perform certain operations, such configuration can be accomplished, for example, by designing electronic circuits or other hardware to perform the operation, by programming programmable electronic circuits (e.g., microprocessors, or other suitable electronic circuits) to perform the operation, or any combination thereof.

The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the implementations disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or combinations thereof. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

The techniques described herein may also be implemented in electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof. Such techniques may be implemented in any of a variety of devices such as general purposes computers, wireless communication device handsets, or integrated circuit devices having multiple uses including application in wireless communication device handsets and other devices. Any features described as modules or components may be implemented together in an integrated logic device or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. If implemented in software, the techniques may be realized at least in part by a computer-readable data storage medium comprising program code including instructions that, when executed, performs one or more of the methods described above. The computer-readable data storage medium may form part of a computer program product, which may include packaging materials. The computer-readable medium may comprise memory or data storage media, such as random access memory (RAM) such as synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), FLASH memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, and the like. The techniques additionally, or alternatively, may be realized at least in part by a computer-readable communication medium that carries or communicates program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed, read, and/or executed by a computer, such as propagated signals or waves.

The program code may be executed by a processor, which may include one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general purpose microprocessors, an application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Such a processor may be configured to perform any of the techniques described in this disclosure. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor; but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Accordingly, the term “processor,” as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structure, any combination of the foregoing structure, or any other structure or apparatus suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein. In addition, in some aspects, the functionality described herein may be provided within dedicated software modules or hardware modules configured for network threat detection and analysis.

While illustrative embodiments of the application have been described in detail herein, it is to be understood that the inventive concepts may be otherwise variously embodied and employed, and that the appended claims are intended to be construed to include such variations, except as limited by the prior art.

As used below, any reference to a series of examples is to be understood as a reference to each of those examples disjunctively (e.g., “Examples 1-4” is to be understood as “Examples 1, 2, 3, or 4”).

Example 1 is a computer-implemented method, comprising: determining a query item, wherein the query item is associated with a compromised host of a plurality of hosts; selecting an attribute associated with the query item; assigning an attribute weight to the attribute; identifying a query attribute value associated with the attribute and the query item; weighting the query attribute value using the attribute weight; determining a first distance between the weighted query attribute value and a random value; identifying a candidate item, wherein the candidate item includes a host of the plurality of hosts; identifying a candidate attribute value associated with the attribute and the candidate item; weighting the candidate attribute value using the attribute weight; determining a second distance between the weighted candidate attribute value and the random value; determining a third distance between the first distance and the second distance; and characterizing the candidate item as a similar item to the query item when the third distance is within a threshold value.

Example 2 is the computer-implement method of example 1, further comprising: receiving feedback confirming similarity of the similar item to the query item; generating a similarity value for the similar item and the query item using the feedback; and optimizing the attribute weight using the similarity value.

Example 3 is the computer-implement method of examples 1-2, wherein determining a query item comprises: identifying compromised hosts from the plurality of hosts; determining a cluster for the compromised hosts, wherein the cluster includes a cluster centroid, and wherein the cluster includes similar compromised hosts; computing a cluster quality parameter for the cluster, wherein the cluster quality parameter is based on a scatter of the cluster; weighting the cluster centroid with the cluster quality parameter to form a population centroid of the compromised hosts; and characterizing the population centroid as the query item.

Example 4 is the computer-implement method of examples 1-3, wherein determining a query item comprises: identifying compromised hosts from the plurality of hosts; determining clusters for the compromised hosts, wherein each cluster includes a cluster centroid, and wherein each cluster includes similar compromised hosts; computing a cluster quality parameter for each cluster, wherein each cluster quality parameter is based on a scatter of a corresponding cluster; weighting the cluster centroid of each cluster with a corresponding cluster quality parameter; summing the weighted cluster centroids to form a population centroid of the compromised hosts; and characterizing the population centroid as the query item.

Example 5 is the computer-implement method of examples 1-4, wherein the first distance and the second distance are Euclidian distances.

Example 6 is the computer-implement method of examples 1-5, wherein determining the first distance includes computing a first hash function and determining the second distance includes computing a second hash function.

Example 7 is the computer-implement method of examples 1-6, further comprising: generating buckets of hash functions including the first hash function and the second hash function; and determining that the first hash function and the second hash function are in a same bucket.

Example 8 is the computer-implement method of examples 1-7, wherein the query item includes a plurality of attributes.

Example 9 is the computer-implement method of examples 1-8, wherein identifying the query attribute value includes receiving the query attribute value from a logging agent.

Example 10 is the computer-implement method of examples 1-9, wherein identifying the candidate attribute value includes receiving the candidate attribute value from a logging agent.

Example 11 is the computer-implement method of examples 1-10, further comprising: normalizing the query attribute value and the candidate attribute value.

Example 12 is a network device comprising: one or more processors; and a non-transitory computer-readable medium containing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations including: determining a query item, wherein the query item is associated with a compromised host of a plurality of hosts; selecting an attribute associated with the query item; assigning an attribute weight to the attribute; identifying a query attribute value associated with the attribute and the query item; weighting the query attribute value using the attribute weight; determining a first distance between the weighted query attribute value and a random value; identifying a candidate item, wherein the candidate item includes a host of the plurality of hosts; identifying a candidate attribute value associated with the attribute and the candidate item; weighting the candidate attribute value using the attribute weight; determining a second distance between the weighted candidate attribute value and the random value; determining a third distance between the first distance and the second distance; and characterizing the candidate item as a similar item to the query item when the third distance is within a threshold value.

Example 13 is the network device of example 12, wherein the operations further include: further comprising: receiving feedback confirming similarity of the similar item to the query item; generating a similarity value for the similar item and the query item using the feedback; and optimizing the attribute weight using the similarity value.

Example 14 is the network device of examples 12-13, wherein determining a query item comprises: identifying compromised hosts from the plurality of hosts; determining a cluster for the compromised hosts, wherein the cluster includes a cluster centroid, and wherein the cluster includes similar compromised hosts; computing a cluster quality parameter for the cluster, wherein the cluster quality parameter is based on a scatter of the cluster; weighting the cluster centroid with the cluster quality parameter to form a population centroid of the compromised hosts; and characterizing the population centroid as the query item.

Example 15 is the network device of examples 12-14, wherein determining a query item comprises: identifying compromised hosts from the plurality of hosts; determining clusters for the compromised hosts, wherein each cluster includes a cluster centroid, and wherein each cluster includes similar compromised hosts; computing a cluster quality parameter for each cluster, wherein each cluster quality parameter is based on a scatter of a corresponding cluster; weighting the cluster centroid of each cluster with a corresponding cluster quality parameter; summing the weighted cluster centroids to form a population centroid of the compromised hosts; and characterizing the population centroid as the query item.

Example 16 is the network device of examples 12-15, wherein the first distance and the second distance are Euclidian distances.

Example 17 is the network device of examples 12-16, wherein determining the first distance includes computing a first hash function and determining the second distance includes computing a second hash function.

Example 18 is the network device of examples 12-17, further comprising: generating buckets of hash functions including the first hash function and the second hash function; and determining that the first hash function and the second hash function are in a same bucket.

Example 19 is the network device of examples 12-18, wherein the query item includes a plurality of attributes.

Example 20 is the network device of examples 12-19, wherein identifying the query attribute value includes receiving the query attribute value from a logging agent.

Example 21 is the network device of examples 12-20, wherein identifying the candidate attribute value includes receiving the candidate attribute value from a logging agent.

Example 22 is the network device of examples 12-21, further comprising: normalizing the query attribute value and the candidate attribute value.

Example 23 is a computer-program product tangibly embodied in a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of a network device, including instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform: determining a query item, wherein the query item is associated with a compromised host of a plurality of hosts; selecting an attribute associated with the query item; assigning an attribute weight to the attribute; identifying a query attribute value associated with the attribute and the query item; weighting the query attribute value using the attribute weight; determining a first distance between the weighted query attribute value and a random value; identifying a candidate item, wherein the candidate item includes a host of the plurality of hosts; identifying a candidate attribute value associated with the attribute and the candidate item; weighting the candidate attribute value using the attribute weight; determining a second distance between the weighted candidate attribute value and the random value; determining a third distance between the first distance and the second distance; and characterizing the candidate item as a similar item to the query item when the third distance is within a threshold value.

Example 24 is a computer-program product of example 23, wherein the operations further include: further comprising: receiving feedback confirming similarity of the similar item to the query item; generating a similarity value for the similar item and the query item using the feedback; and optimizing the attribute weight using the similarity value.

Example 25 is a computer-program product of examples 23-24, wherein determining a query item comprises: identifying compromised hosts from the plurality of hosts; determining a cluster for the compromised hosts, wherein the cluster includes a cluster centroid, and wherein the cluster includes similar compromised hosts; computing a cluster quality parameter for the cluster, wherein the cluster quality parameter is based on a scatter of the cluster; weighting the cluster centroid with the cluster quality parameter to form a population centroid of the compromised hosts; and characterizing the population centroid as the query item.

Example 26 is a computer-program product of examples 23-25, wherein determining a query item comprises: identifying compromised hosts from the plurality of hosts; determining clusters for the compromised hosts, wherein each cluster includes a cluster centroid, and wherein each cluster includes similar compromised hosts; computing a cluster quality parameter for each cluster, wherein each cluster quality parameter is based on a scatter of a corresponding cluster; weighting the cluster centroid of each cluster with a corresponding cluster quality parameter; summing the weighted cluster centroids to form a population centroid of the compromised hosts; and characterizing the population centroid as the query item.

Example 27 is a computer-program product of examples 23-26, wherein the first distance and the second distance are Euclidian distances.

Example 28 is a computer-program product of examples 23-27, wherein determining the first distance includes computing a first hash function and determining the second distance includes computing a second hash function.

Example 29 is a computer-program product of examples 23-28, further comprising: generating buckets of hash functions including the first hash function and the second hash function; and determining that the first hash function and the second hash function are in a same bucket.

Example 30 is a computer-program product of examples 23-29, wherein the query item includes a plurality of attributes.

Example 31 is a computer-program product of examples 23-30, wherein identifying the query attribute value includes receiving the query attribute value from a logging agent.

Example 32 is a computer-program product of examples 23-31, wherein identifying the candidate attribute value includes receiving the candidate attribute value from a logging agent.

Example 33 is a computer-program product of examples 23-32, further comprising: normalizing the query attribute value and the candidate attribute value. 

1. A computer-implemented method comprising: determining a query item, wherein the query item is associated with a compromised host of a plurality of hosts; selecting an attribute associated with the query item; assigning an attribute weight to the attribute; identifying a query attribute value associated with the attribute and the query item; weighting the query attribute value using the attribute weight; determining a first distance between the weighted query attribute value and a random value; identifying a candidate item, wherein the candidate item includes a host of the plurality of hosts; identifying a candidate attribute value associated with the attribute and the candidate item; weighting the candidate attribute value using the attribute weight; determining a second distance between the weighted candidate attribute value and the random value; determining a third distance between the first distance and the second distance; and characterizing the candidate item as a similar item to the query item when the third distance is within a threshold value, wherein when input corresponding to feedback is received, a similarity value for the similar item is generated using the feedback, and the attribute weight is automatically optimized using the similarity value.
 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving feedback confirming similarity of the similar item to the query item; generating the similarity value for the similar item and the query item using the feedback; and optimizing the attribute weight using the similarity value.
 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein determining a query item comprises: identifying compromised hosts from the plurality of hosts; determining a cluster for the compromised hosts, wherein the cluster includes a cluster centroid, and wherein the cluster includes similar compromised hosts; computing a cluster quality parameter for the cluster, wherein the cluster quality parameter is based on a scatter of the cluster; weighting the cluster centroid with the cluster quality parameter to form a population centroid of the compromised hosts; and characterizing the population centroid as the query item.
 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein determining a query item comprises: identifying compromised hosts from the plurality of hosts; determining clusters for the compromised hosts, wherein each cluster includes a cluster centroid, and wherein each cluster includes similar compromised hosts; computing a cluster quality parameter for each cluster, wherein each cluster quality parameter is based on a scatter of a corresponding cluster; weighting the cluster centroid of each cluster with a corresponding cluster quality parameter; summing the weighted cluster centroids to form a population centroid of the compromised hosts; and characterizing the population centroid as the query item.
 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first distance and the second distance are Euclidian distances.
 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein determining the first distance includes computing a first hash function and determining the second distance includes computing a second hash function.
 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 6, further comprising: generating buckets of hash functions including the first hash function and the second hash function; and determining that the first hash function and the second hash function are in a same bucket.
 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the query item includes a plurality of attributes.
 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein identifying the query attribute value includes receiving the query attribute value from a logging agent.
 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein identifying the candidate attribute value includes receiving the candidate attribute value from a logging agent.
 11. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: normalizing the query attribute value and the candidate attribute value.
 12. A network device comprising: one or more processors; and a non-transitory computer-readable medium containing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations including: determining a query item, wherein the query item is associated with a compromised host of a plurality of hosts; selecting an attribute associated with the query item; assigning an attribute weight to the attribute; identifying a query attribute value associated with the attribute and the query item; weighting the query attribute value using the attribute weight; determining a first distance between the weighted query attribute value and a random value; identifying a candidate item, wherein the candidate item includes a host of the plurality of hosts; identifying a candidate attribute value associated with the attribute and the candidate item; weighting the candidate attribute value using the attribute weight; determining a second distance between the weighted candidate attribute value and the random value; determining a third distance between the first distance and the second distance; and characterizing the candidate item as a similar item to the query item when the third distance is within a threshold value, wherein when input corresponding to feedback is received, a similarity value for the similar item is generated using the feedback, and the attribute weight is automatically optimized using the similarity value.
 13. The network device of claim 12, wherein the operations further include: receiving feedback confirming similarity of the similar item to the query item; generating the similarity value for the similar item and the query item using the feedback; and optimizing the attribute weight using the similarity value.
 14. The network device of claim 12, wherein determining a query item comprises: identifying compromised hosts from the plurality of hosts; determining a cluster for the compromised hosts, wherein the cluster includes a cluster centroid, and wherein the cluster includes similar compromised hosts; computing a cluster quality parameter for the cluster, wherein the cluster quality parameter is based on a scatter of the cluster; weighting the cluster centroid with the cluster quality parameter to form a population centroid of the compromised hosts; and characterizing the population centroid as the query item.
 15. The network device of claim 12, wherein determining a query item comprises: identifying compromised hosts from the plurality of hosts; determining clusters for the compromised hosts, wherein each cluster includes a cluster centroid, and wherein each cluster includes similar compromised hosts; computing a cluster quality parameter for each cluster, wherein each cluster quality parameter is based on a scatter of a corresponding cluster; weighting the cluster centroid of each cluster with a corresponding cluster quality parameter; summing the weighted cluster centroids to form a population centroid of the compromised hosts; and characterizing the population centroid as the query item.
 16. The network device of claim 12, wherein the first distance and the second distance are Euclidian distances.
 17. The network device of claim 12, wherein determining the first distance includes computing a first hash function and determining the second distance includes computing a second hash function.
 18. The network device of claim 17, wherein the operations further include: generating buckets of hash functions including the first hash function and the second hash function; and determining that the first hash function and the second hash function are in a same bucket.
 19. The network device of claim 12, wherein the query item includes a plurality of attributes.
 20. The network device of claim 12, wherein identifying the query attribute value includes receiving the query attribute value from a logging agent.
 21. The network device of claim 12, wherein identifying the candidate attribute value includes receiving the candidate attribute value from a logging agent.
 22. The network device of claim 12, wherein the operations further include: normalizing the query attribute value and the candidate attribute value.
 23. A computer-program product tangibly embodied in a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of a network device, including instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: determine a query item, wherein the query item is associated with a compromised host of a plurality of hosts; select an attribute associated with the query item; assign an attribute weight to the attribute; identify a query attribute value associated with the attribute and the query item; weight the query attribute value using the attribute weight; determine a first distance between the weighted query attribute value and a random value; identify a candidate item, wherein the candidate item includes a host of the plurality of hosts; identify a candidate attribute value associated with the attribute and the candidate item; weight the candidate attribute value using the attribute weight; determine a second distance between the weighted candidate attribute value and the random value; determine a third distance between the first distance and the second distance; and characterize the candidate item as a similar item to the query item when the third distance is within a threshold value, wherein when input corresponding to feedback is received, a similarity value for the similar item is generated using the feedback, and the attribute weight is automatically optimized using the similarity value.
 24. The computer-program product of claim 23, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to: receive feedback confirming similarity of the similar item to the query item; generate the similarity value for the similar item and the query item using the feedback; and optimize the attribute weight using the similarity value.
 25. The computer-program product of claim 23, wherein the instruction to determine a query item comprises: identify compromised hosts from the plurality of hosts; determine a cluster for the compromised hosts, wherein the cluster includes a cluster centroid, and wherein the cluster includes similar compromised hosts; compute a cluster quality parameter for the cluster, wherein the cluster quality parameter is based on a scatter of the cluster; weight the cluster centroid with the cluster quality parameter to form a population centroid of the compromised hosts; and characterize the population centroid as the query item.
 26. The computer-program product of claim 23, wherein the instruction to determine a query item comprises: identify compromised hosts from the plurality of hosts; determine clusters for the compromised hosts, wherein each cluster includes a cluster centroid, and wherein each cluster includes similar compromised hosts; compute a cluster quality parameter for each cluster, wherein each cluster quality parameter is based on a scatter of a corresponding cluster; weight the cluster centroid of each cluster with a corresponding cluster quality parameter; sum the weighted cluster centroids to form a population centroid of the compromised hosts; and characterize the population centroid as the query item.
 27. The computer-program product of claim 23, wherein the first distance and the second distance are Euclidian distances.
 28. The computer-program product of claim 23, wherein determining the first distance includes computing a first hash function and determining the second distance includes computing a second hash function.
 29. The computer-program product of claim 28, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to: generate buckets of hash functions including the first hash function and the second hash function; and determine that the first hash function and the second hash function are in a same bucket.
 30. The computer-program product of claim 23, wherein the query item includes a plurality of attributes. 